Relevance. This article presents data on the level of trace elements in hair and oral and general health among various age groups of children (from 2 to 17 years) in Northern and Central Dagestan. It also reports findings on the relationship between oral health indicators and the content of such macro- and microelements as Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Zn, As, Fe, F. Identifying concentrations of macro- and microelements in hair proves to be a promising diagnostic method and aids in creating personalized prevention programs.

Objective. To investigate the correlation between the elemental composition in children's hair and their oral and general health conditions in the cities of Kizlyar and Makhachkala, situated in Northern and Central Dagestan, Russia.

Materials and methods. Established methods and physicochemical techniques were utilized for oral health evaluations to determine the quality indicators of drinking water, levels of elemental composition in hair, and methods to assess the general health of children (questionnaires, analysis of medical records of children).

Results. A correlation was established between the levels of specific chemical elements in hair, the dental hard tissues, and mixed saliva with the oral and general health complications observed in children. Water analysis in Makhachkala, central part of the Republic of Dagestan, revealed an unbalanced presence of essential chemical elements such as fluoride, iron, manganese, zinc, and sulfates. In 74–84% of the examined water samples, the fluoride content was below 0.5 mg/l, and only 13–25% were within the normal range. The levels of fluoride and iron in hair and mixed saliva indicate shifts in mineral metabolism in children's bodies. Fluoride is crucial for iron absorption, and its deficiency results in significantly decreased absorption rates. A substantial reduction in water fluoride levels, compared to standard values, correlates with high rates of dental caries and iron deficiency anemia in children from Makhachkala, occurring in about 87% of cases (P < 0.05). This relationship is substantiated by the analysis of medical records from children aged 2 to 17 from hospitals in both Northern and Central Dagestan, highlighting the connection between iron deficiency anemia and the low fluoride levels in drinking water. Further studies into the oral health of children have shown that the incidence and severity of caries in deciduous teeth are greater in the Northern than in the Central Zone of Dagestan. Moreover, conditions such as cheilitis, aphthous stomatitis, and desquamative glossitis are frequently observed in children during the stages of temporary tooth occlusion, affecting on average 38.5% of cases, and this prevalence increases to 78.2% during the mixed and permanent occlusion stages.

Conclusion. The conducted studies revealed that the drinking water supplied to the Dagestan population has elevated permissible levels of iron and arsenic. Additionally, there is a noted deficiency of fluoride, zinc, and copper, as well as low water hardness. Research into the quality of drinking water and the health impacts on the pediatric population of Dagestan established a correlation (R = 0.593) between unbalanced water, dietary intake, the severity of dental caries, and reduced immunity in children. High levels of arsenic, germanium, and molybdenum in the water and children's hair contribute to cumulative health effects. Environmental pollution is also linked to a rise in oral health issues, iron deficiency anemia, and broader health problems. Analyzing the chemical composition of children's hair serves as a diagnostic tool for detecting and preventing diseases related to deficiencies and excesses of macro- and microelements.

Relevance. The limited selectivity of antitumor therapy for central nervous system neoplasms entails the risk of dental morbidity in patients.

The aim of the study is to assess the severity of damage to the dental hard tissues in patients with tumors of the posterior cranial fossa (medulloblastoma, astrocytoma) and other tumors of the central nervous system.

Materials and methods. Three comparison groups were established based on the toxicity profiles of antitumor therapy among 251 patients at the "Russian Field" treatment and rehabilitation scientific center, to assess the characteristics of oral health status. The assessment of oral health status included diagnosing the carious process and calculating the DMFT index. The degree of damage to the dental hard tissues was evaluated on a four-point scale. The clinical manifestations of oral cavity pathology were compared using the Z-criterion for multiple pairwise comparisons of data, with adjustments for multiple testing (Multiple pairwise comparison Z-test for proportions with multiple testing correction) using the free R software version 3.5.2. The null hypothesis of equal indicators in the compared groups was rejected with a 95% confidence probability when comparing groups of patients.

Results. Dental hard tissue pathology was significantly more prevalent in patients with medulloblastoma compared to those diagnosed with astrocytomas and other central nervous system tumors. Additionally, the prevalence of dental hard tissue pathology progressively decreased as the observation period following the completion of antitumor remission was extended.

Conclusion. The most severe damage to dental hard tissues is observed in patients with medulloblastoma, who undergo more intensive antitumor therapy compared to those with CNS tumors of other histological types.

Relevance. Patients with a history of unilateral ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) exhibit significant functional and anatomical abnormalities, leading to diminished quality of life and social adaptation. This condition necessitates a complex, multi-stage rehabilitation process. The contralateral, non-operated joint often bears the brunt of functional loads for an extended period post-surgery. Frequently, due to ankylosis-related interventions such as distraction osteogenesis and osteoplasty using various biomaterials, as well as orthognathic surgery, the bone structure of the contralateral joint is subjected to loads exceeding their biological capacity, resulting in notable degenerative changes around the condylar process head.

Materials and methods. An analysis was conducted on data from 55 patients who, within the age range of 7 to 18 years, had undergone multiple mandibular ramus distraction osteogenesis surgeries due to a history of unilateral ankylosis.

Results. The application of the distraction apparatus led to rotational movements of the mandible within the coronal plane, thereby increasing compression around the TMJ on the contralateral side. Subsequent degenerative alterations in the area of the condylar head were observed in 61.8% of the patients.

Conclusion. To mitigate the risk of degenerative changes in the contralateral condylar process head, it is advisable to utilize an orthopedic splint to separate the articular surfaces of the TMJ. This approach helps reduce pressure on the condylar process and prevents pathological remodeling.

Relevance. Clinical documentation remains a cornerstone of medical practice. Over the last decade, there has been a notable evolution in the standards for medical documentation and the speed of processing due to advancements in healthcare information technology, including electronic medical record systems. Despite the Ministry of Health of Russia endorsing specific documentation procedures for healthcare organizations, pediatric preventive care dental services have not yet been provided with an appropriate electronic documentation format.

Materials and methods. The development of the electronic medical record system for dental hygienists employed Qt Creator software (http://www.qt.io/), using the C++ programming language framework (http://www.isocpp.org/). The system's efficacy was evaluated through testing across the Omsk region over the period 2020-2021.

Results. The project resulted in the successful creation of an electronic medical record system designed for dental hygienists.

Conclusion. The new electronic medical record system is set to greatly improve the effectiveness of primary preventive care for dental specialists.

Relevance. Plaque-induced gingivitis represents the initial phase of periodontal diseases and a significant medical and social challenge within global healthcare frameworks, particularly prevalent among younger people.

Demographics. This prevalence arises from its multifactorial etiology, complex developmental mechanisms, and notable pathogenetic features, most evidently microcirculatory disruptions leading to tissue hypoxia. Addressing these pathological conditions requires the development of novel diagnostic methodologies and therapeutic interventions to prevent further complications.

Materials and methods. The study encompassed 54 subjects with an average age of 22.5 ± 1.7 years. The control group included 34 participants (GroupI), and the comparison group 20 participants (Group II). Group II received vacuum laser therapy in conjunction with Mexidol-based dressings, noted for their antihypoxant and antioxidant properties.

Results. Evaluations conducted post-treatment indicated enhancements in both arterial and venous capillary functions. Amid the antioxidant and antihypoxant treatment regimen, capillary diameters were reduced to match those observed in the control group.

Conclusion. Regimen implemented in this study was clinically and functionally effective in a combined treatment protocol involving vacuum laser therapy on periodontal tissues of plaque-induced gingivitis patients. This regimen is recommendable as a corrective measure for microcirculatory disturbances within the scope of managing inflammatory periodontal diseases.

Relevance. Central precocious puberty (CPP), characterized by a high incidence of 60% among endocrinopathies during puberty, significantly influences dentofacial development and the local immune defense mechanisms in adolescents. However, the impact on saliva's innate immune function remains underexplored.

This study aims to evaluate the innate immune function of saliva in individuals with CPP coexisting with dentofacial abnormalities.

Materials and methods. An analysis of saliva biochemical markers was conducted on 59 adolescents diagnosed with CPP and dentofacial abnormalities, alongside a control group of 21 age-matched individuals with dentofacial abnormalities but without systemic conditions, aged 13-18 years. The evaluation focused on lysozyme and urease levels, dysbiosis markers indicating oral microbiota status, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and catalase activity to gauge the balance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant systems, alongside proteolytic enzyme elastase activity.

Results. Adolescents with combined CPP and dentofacial abnormalities exhibited weakened antioxidant and antibacterial defenses, evidenced by decreased catalase activity (0.105 ± 0.020 mkat/l, p < 0.001) and lysozyme levels (54.7 ± 3.2 U/l, p < 0.02), against a backdrop of increased lipoperoxidation and microbial contamination (MDA levels at 0.48 ± 0.11 μmol/l, p < 0.05, urease levels at 0.713 ± 0.015 μkat/l, p < 0.01), and heightened inflammation (elastase activity up to 2.71 ± 0.12 μkat/l, p < 0.01).

Conclusion. The diminished innate immune function in saliva necessitates the development of strategies to enhance it, serving as a preventive measure against gingivitis in patients with CPP.

Relevance. The integrity of the dentofacial system, significantly influenced by the functional condition of the masseter muscles (MM) and the morphological alterations in the alveolar bone, plays a crucial role in the outcome and duration of orthodontic treatment for distal occlusion. Ultrasonic diagnostic methods, due to their physiological compatibility, high information content, and ergonomic design, offer a preferable alternative for assessing and tracking these changes throughout orthodontic treatment.

Materials and methods. This study included 55 individuals of both genders, aged 9-12, with either normal occlusions (NO) or distal occlusions (DO). Ultrasound examinations of the MM at rest and during maximum voluntary teeth clenching were conducted to evaluate MM thickness and echotexture. Ultrasonic densitometry measurements were conducted through the assessment of ultrasound transit velocity (UTV). This was carried out across the interalveolar bone with probes positioned on the buccal and oral sides between two neighboring teeth roots.

Results. The findings indicated that DO patients had a notably thicker MM compared to their NO counterparts. Variations in MM echotexture were observed, with differences in the anechogenic and hyper echogenic zones. Recorded UTV values illustrated that the highest alveolar bone density in DO subjects was predominantly in the frontal regions of both jaws on the left side, whereas the lowest density was observed in the right lateral regions. For NO subjects, the highest density values were identified in the frontal region of the mandibular bone, with the lowest in the maxillary bone's lateral regions on both sides.

Conclusion. The application of advanced ultrasonic diagnostic methods in this study facilitated a detailed functional and morphological analysis of the MM, as well as an evaluation of alveolar bone density in individuals with both distal and normal occlusions. The development of ultrasonic alveolar bone density chart from this research provides a valuable addition to dental examination protocols for patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.

Relevance. In Russia, caries prevalence rate in permanent teeth of 12- year-olds is 75, 6%, and in 15-year-olds, it is 87, 5%. Alongside with high prevalence of caries in permanent children’s teeth, the problem of secondary caries is very significant as well. Toothpastes containing fluoride use for caries prevention. Now, there are known toothpastes containing hydroxyapatite enriched with complex (PGC) with amino acid threonine. It is advisable to study this paste effect on secondary caries occurrence.

Materials and methods. Clinical and laboratory examinations and treatment of 92 children, aged 7 to 15, aged (97 teeth) were carried out during one year. They were given dental treatment, including that of dentine caries, in permanent teeth (K02.1). Fillings marginal integrity was assessed using G. Ryge (1998) criterion and electrometry method. Carious process intensity in study groups was determined using indices DMFS and ICDAS-II (code I, code II).

Results. In group using toothpaste containing hydroxyapatite enriched with complex (PGC) with amino acid threonine, frequency of unsatisfactory restorations was detected only in 6% of cases; in group using fluoride containing pastes – 12%. Electrical conductivity of hard tissues in these groups increased only by 9,6 % and 36% respectively. Frequency of restorations with secondary caries signs at the end of the study was 27% in group with no preventive measures, and according to electrometric method, electrical conductivity at the border of fillings with hard dental tissues increased by 130%. Reduction of caries growth in group using toothpaste containing hydroxyapatite was 78,6%, in group with fluoride containing toothpaste – 64,3%.

Conclusion. Application of a toothpaste containing hydroxyapatite enriched with Polyol Germanium Complex with amino acid threonine increases efficiency of secondary caries prevention in children's permanent teeth.

Relevance. Dental care for children diagnosed with cerebral palsy (CP) presents substantial challenges to dental practitioners. These children not only necessitate individualized care strategies but also face challenges in mouth opening due to masticatory muscle spasticity, which limits operational access during treatments. This study introduces a phased approach to debridement that is integrated with interventions aimed at alleviating hypertonia in the masticatory muscles through adaptive myogymnastics and the use of a pneumatic mouth expander.

Materials and methods. A clinical and functional assessment of the orofacial region was conducted on 34 compliant CP patients aged 6-12 years, with the mean age being 9.6 ± 0.3 years. These assessments considered the extent of motor activity and movement limitations in daily activities. Follow-up evaluations were performed six months post-intervention.

Results. The phased debridement plan demonstrated significant effectiveness, integrating diagnostic and therapeutic strategies with tailored visitation schedules based on the clinical conditions of the patients.

Conclusion. Uniform diagnostic and therapeutic protocols are recommended to enhance dental health and restrain the prevalence of dental diseases among children with spastic cerebral palsy.

Relevance. Congenital and systemic diseases can lead to developmental errors in the enamel organ, resulting in anomalies such as enamel hypoplasia. The high prevalence of these defects illustrates the vulnerability of teeth to changes in the intrauterine and postnatal environments. Enamel hypoplasia contributes to the development of caries and tooth wear by making enamel thinner, more retentive to dental plaque, and less resistant to acid degradation compared to normal enamel. Surfaces of the affected hard tissues are smooth and exhibit a symmetric distribution pattern. The occurrence of enamel hypoplasia in children is a significant factor in the development of caries; thus, they require comprehensive treatment and ongoing preventive care by a pediatric dentist.

Purpose. To analyze the impact of factors contributing to the development of deciduous teeth hypoplasia in children, on the frequency of this condition and the specifics of its treatment by a pediatric dentist.

Materials and Methods. The study involved the examination and treatment of children aged 4-12 at the Dental and Implantology Department of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University over a 12-month period. Out of 972 children, 67 were diagnosed with systemic enamel hypoplasia. A questionnaire was developed for statistical research, and data were processed using Statistica 7.0 software Statistica 7.0 (StatSoft, США).

Results. The survey revealed chronic diseases in 16.42% of mothers. During pregnancy, 68.6% of the mothers visited a dentist once, and 31.3% visited two to three times. Most mothers experienced early pregnancy toxemia—67% in the first half and 58.2% in the second half of the pregnancy. Additionally, 50.7% suffered from acute respiratory viral infections and influenza, and 25.4% had gastrointestinal diseases. Feeding practices involved breastfeeding in 68.7% of cases and artificial feeding in 31.3% (up to 3 months – 16.4%, up to 1 year – 64.1%, up to 2 years – 19.4%). Examination of the oral cavity in 67 children with systemic hypoplasia revealed a spotted form in 79.1% of cases and a purely destructive form in 20.9% of cases. Contemporary conservative dentistry emphasizes minimally invasive approaches to the treatment of such dental defects.

Conclusion. The study of deciduous tooth hypoplasia in children highlighted the importance of the health status of the expectant mother and timely sanitation of the oral cavity. Particular attention should be paid to maternal infectious diseases, specifically influenza and ARVI. The findings underscore the need for preventive measures against temporary tooth hypoplasia from the onset of pregnancy planning to enhance the dental well-being of children.

Relevance. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a prevalent chronic metabolic autoimmune condition among children and adolescents. The compromised metabolic control associated with this endocrinopathy elevates the risk of various complications, including oral diseases. Establishing an interdisciplinary approach to enhance oral care for young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus is crucial in contemporary dentistry.

Objective. To synthesize information regarding the relationship between type 1 diabetes mellitus and oral health in children and adolescents.

Materials and methods. The search strategy involved both electronic and manual searches, querying key databases like PubMed, eLibrary, MEDLINE, and Embase using specific keywords related to the subject. Additionally, a manual search was conducted in the references of relevant articles.

Results. The literature review identified the most frequently occurring oral diseases in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. It highlighted key biomarkers for monitoring oral health in these patients. The review uncovered major gaps in understanding the oral manifestations of type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Conclusion. Exploring the links between pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus in young populations and their oral health is pivotal for pediatric dentistry and endocrinology. Addressing this issue could lead to more effective treatment strategies, enhance preventive measures, and improve the diagnostic accuracy of oral diseases. Discrepancies among study findings underscores the imperative for ongoing research and substantiates the value of an interdisciplinary approach in investigating the dental manifestations associated with this endocrine disorder.

Relevance. Mutations in the PTPN11 gene, a hallmark of Noonan syndrome, disrupt the normal development of connective tissue structure, resulting in a range of manifestations, including orodental abnormalities.

Clinical case description. This article presents a medical record of a 14-year-old patient diagnosed with Noonan syndrome who sought medical assistance due to exacerbated chronic generalized periodontitis. The authors implemented a two-stage treatment approach, resulting in satisfactory outcomes. They identified concurrent orodental symptoms and conducted analyses of orthopantomography and bone densitometry for both jaws. A personalized treatment schedule was devised, emphasizing the necessity for the patient's chronic periodontitis to be in a state of remission and the utilization of sedation for effective management. Following the implementation of a planned series of therapeutic interventions during the remission stage, including professional oral care, teeth splinting with orthodontic retainers, nonsurgical root debridement, and mandibular labial frenuloplasty, quarterly follow-up assessments were chosen as the preferred monitoring method.

Conclusion. Patients with hereditary pathologies, such as Noonan syndrome, often exhibit significant orodental manifestations. Addressing such conditions necessitates specific treatment techniques that integrate a comprehensive approach, timely diagnostics, and collaboration between general practitioners and dentists. Given the unique needs of these patients, it is essential to develop personalized treatment protocols tailored to their individual requirements, including the duration and efficacy of chosen treatments, as well as considerations for anesthesia or sedation care.