Relevance. The high prevalence of haemangiomas among children requires a detailed study of the pathology formation time. Great vessels are known to be laid, form and develop during the first trimester of pregnancy, including the head and neck area. Negative agents of various types can affect the developing embryo through a pregnant woman's body.
Purpose. Our research aimed to study and evaluate head and neck main vessels' morphometric parameters during embryonic development Material and methods. The study assessed the head and neck vessels of 25 human embryos and fetuses at the 3rd to the 12th week, obtained during a routine autopsy of abortive material within 48 hours after death. Histology samples included 110 fragments. Morphometry measured the obtained histology sample vascular wall thickness.
Results. Formation of the neurovascular bundle of the neck, which includes the carotid arteries, internal jugular vein and vagus nerve, appeared to begin at week 3-4 of intrauterine life. The morphometric investigation established that the blood vessel wall has a fuzzy differentiated structure at 3-4 weeks of pregnancy. However, vascular wall differentiation is complete, and vessels appear in the adventitia by the 11-12th week.
Conclusion. The period from 6 to 7 weeks is critical for the arterial inner lining, and the period from 8 to 9 weeks is for veins. Gestational age between 4 and 7 weeks may be crucial for media and adventitia.

Relevance. For many years studies have evaluated the possibilities of modifying the growth of the maxillofacial complex during orthodontic treatment with functional appliances. Despite the large number of studies devoted to orthodontic treatment of distal occlusion in children and adolescents, there is no consensus among orthodontists on the appropriateness, timing and tactics of such treatment.
Material and methods. The article presents the results of the treatment of distal occlusion in children and adolescents aged 7-18 years using the Twin Block appliance. The study included clinical, anthropometric, radiographic and functional research methods.
Results. The course of treatment eliminated distal occlusion in all groups; in Group 1, the length of the mandibular body was 64.4 ± 2.8 mm before the treatment and 69.6 ± 2.4 mm after the treatment (p = 0.016); in Group 2, the length of the mandibular body was 69.7 ± 6.6 mm before the treatment and 72.5 ± 6.9 mm after the treatment (p = 0.019); in Group 3, the length of the mandibular body was 69.8 ± 5.6 mm before the treatment and 74.0 ± 4.3 mm after the treatment (p = 0.005). The temporomandibular joints did not show pathological changes; most patients (70%) did not demonstrate anterior position of the condyles after the treatment.
Conclusion. Orthodontic treatment of patients aged 7-18 years with distal occlusion using the Twin Block appliance is an effective treatment method. The orthodontic treatment with functional appliances is most reasonable during the period of peak growth when significant skeletal changes are possible to obtain.

Relevance. There is currently an active introduction of information technologies in various spheres of human life, especially medicine. And dentistry is no exception, which undoubtedly increases dental care level. The article describes a computer program for the preclinical prediction of caries development risk in permanent teeth in children after the eruption. The program allows for identifying disease development risks allowing you to carry out preventive measures in advance. Purpose: Development of a simple and accessible computer system providing information support to dentists in dental caries risk identification and timely prescription of preventive measures.
Material and methods. Obtaining and processing information on the clinical and laboratory parameters of caries-resistant children with mixed dentition was the first stage for creating a computer system. The statistical analysis detected the factors influencing the carious process development risks and determining critical values. A developer wrote a program, according to the requirement specifications, which simulates possible carious process development risks.
Results. The received software allows for identifying caries development risks at the preclinical stage, scheduling checkup times and recommending duly caries preventive measures.
Conclusion. Software program experimental implementation showed a high coincidence between the clinical picture and PC program approbation after a two-year observation of caries-resistant children with mixed dentition.

Relevance. In the modern practice of an orthodontist, distal occlusion caused by respiratory dysfunction is increasingly more common. It is especially evident in early mixed dentition, i.e., in 6-8-year-old children with diagnosed pathology of ENT organs, namely, adenoids.
Objective. The study aimed to evaluate the relationship between respiratory dysfunction and distal occlusion in children with early mixed dentition.
Materials and methods. The study performed conventional anterior and posterior rhinoscopy, endoscopic examination of ENT organs, anterior active rhinomanometry, and masticatory muscles’ electromyography. The orthodontic examination included an oral examination, impression-taking, occlusion assessment, morphometric analysis of the jaw models and lateral cephalometric image measurements.
Conclusion. In modern medical practice, the pathology of ENT organs and maxillofacial anomalies are closely related. Therefore, the collaboration between an orthodontist and an ENT specialist is the key to the effective treatment of distal occlusion in early mixed dentition.

Relevance. Saliva performs some essential functions indispensable for oral health. Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) often complain of xerostomia. Long-term dry oral mucosa in diabetic patients adversely affects the quality of life and causes speech. chewing. swallowing. and taste problems; it leads to multiple caries and inflammatory periodontal diseases.
Aim. To evaluate the detection rate and determine the x erostomia nature in patients with DM.
Materials and methods. The interview and survey included 251 patients aged 18-82 y.o. with Type 1 DM. latent auto-immune diabetes in adults and Type 2 DM. The patients informed the study of DM duration. current therapy duration. xerostomia presence and nature. The patients’ records provided information about the established diagnosis. age. glycohemoglobin (HbA1c). body mass index (BMI). and prescribed DM therapeutic regimen. The data were statistically analysed using the StatTech v. 2.4.8 software. Results. 134 (53.4%) patients complained of a transient dry mouth associated with blood sugar levels increase; 6 (2.4%) patients noted dry mouth if blood sugar levels decreased; 30 subjects (12.0 %) and 10 subjects (4.0 %) reported constant and stress-associated dry mouth. respectively (р > 0.05). Patients over 80 declared dry mouth associated with blood sugar decrease more often than patients aged 45-64 and 65-80 y.o. (р = 0.002*; р45-64 – over 80 = 0.012; рover 65 – over 80 < 0.001); 21.1% of patients aged 65-80 noted permanently dry mouth (р = 0.028). Patients with persisting xerostomia (permanent dry mouth and stress-associated dry mouth) had statistically significant. higher BMI of 33 (31-37) kg/m2 (р = 0.019) and 36 (34-41) kg/m2 (р = 0.002). respectively. The higher glycohemoglobin level increase was more statistically significant in patients with DM. who reported dry mouth associated with glucose increase. The evaluation of xerostomia nature vs to diagnosis. sex. DM duration. drug therapy scheme. and smoking did not reveal any statistically significant differences.
Conclusion. Xerostomia presents an additional problem for patients with DM. Patient education and the selection of individual products for oral care by dentists may improve oral health parameters in the long run.

Relevance. Risk assessment of carious lesion onset remains relevant due to the high incidence rate. The article presents the data on the impact of permanent dental enamel functional condition and microbial factor on incipient caries onset in adolescents.
Purpose: The study aimed to investigate the etiology and pathogenesis risk characteristics of incipient caries onset in adolescents.
Material and methods. The study included 90 adolescents aged 11-17 y.o. from Penza city. At the clinical stage, we studied adolescents’ permanent teeth vulnerability to caries; then, we formed the study groups according to WHO criteria (Group 1 – moderate, Group 2 – high, Group 3 – the very high intensity of caries) and Group 4 included children of the same age without caries. Vital staining and electric pulp testing with the “DentEst” device (Geosoft, Russia) detected white spot lesions. The OHI-S and enamel acid resistance test (TER-test) evaluated the level of oral hygiene. The laboratory stage determined the number of mixed saliva cells contaminated with bacterial microflora (microflora contamination coefficient) to define the bacterial load in the mixed saliva of the examined adolescents.
Results. Besides high clinical rate of white spot lesions (intensity rate 3.10 ± 0.05 and demineralization degree 5.90 ± 0.08 μA) linked to poor oral hygiene level according to OHI-S (2.80 ± 0.13), the examined children of Group 3 (very high caries intensity) revealed a decrease in enamel acid resistance (TER-test 6.50 ± 0.22) and increased bacterial load of mixed saliva – microflora contamination coefficient (48.12 ± 0.80%). Differences with the same parameters in Group 4 (without caries) were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The study of the statistical relationship between enamel demineralization degree and the level of mixed saliva bacterial load (microflora contamination coefficient) detected a positive correlation between the studied parameters of moderate and high power and received the following correlation coefficient values in Group 1 (R = 0.46), 2 and 3 (R = 0.73 and R = 0.78) respectively.
Conclusion. Assessment of some risk factors for white spot lesion onset and monitoring of changes may include the analysis of clinical and laboratory data on the hard-dental-tissue condition and mixed saliva bacterial load determination (microflora contamination coefficient).

Relevance. Odontogenic cysts in children are the most common bone pathology. The study aimed to conduct a retrospective descriptive analysis of inflammatory odontogenic cysts cases associated with primary teeth in children.
Material and methods. The study analysed the medical records of children diagnosed with "radicular cyst associated with a primary tooth" from 2015-2020. We studied the following characteristics, namely, sex, age, location of the process, condition of the teeth in question, surgical treatment techniques and outcome. The data obtained were processed by methods of variational statistics. The Student t-test assessed the significance of differences.
Results. The study analysed 60 cases of inflammatory odontogenic cysts in children aged 6 to 13 years. Cysts were more often associated with the primary lower second molars previously treated with the resorcinol-formaldehyde resin therapy. The period from the tooth treatment to the cyst diagnosis was 3 to 5 years. The treatment of cysts applied methods of a gentle and traditional cystotomy. Fifty-one children (85.0%) had follow-up examinations. All children showed bone tissue restoration during the period of 4 to 12 months and spontaneous eruption of permanent teeth in 3-8 months. Only 4 cases (7.8%) required orthodontic correction of permanent teeth position.
Conclusion. Primary lower molars, previously treated with resorcinol-formaldehyde resin, are the most common cause of jaw inflammatory odontogenic cysts in children. Low-traumatic surgical methods preserving the follicles of permanent teeth are highly effective (88.2%).

Relevance. One of the paramount directions of preventive dentistry is the development of the author's methods of organization and implementation of dental diseases prevention programs in children with cognitive developmental disabilities, allowing for prevention customization, taking into account the features of child development with disabilities, as well as the combination of many objective factors. The study aimed to increase the efficiency of mentally-retarded children's rehabilitation by improving the dental disease prevention program.
Materials and methods. The study involved 140 children diagnosed with moderate mental retardation and comparatively analyzed two methods over three years. Group 1 included 71 subjects aged 8-11 years trained according to "Dental Health", the author's dental and hygiene education program, developed and adjusted to the psychophysical needs of the child development. Group 2 consisted of 69 subjects, trained according to the dental and hygiene education program provided only by the teachers during classes on household chores. We evaluated the effectiveness of the "Dental Health" prevention program introduced into the specialized educational process by the following indices DMFT, simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S); PMA index modified by Parma assessed the condition of the gums. Statistical data were processed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 18.0 application sof tware package.
Results. The effectiveness analysis of the author's program for children with moderate mental retardation revealed that the level of oral hygiene in the children increased from "poor" to "good" (2.1 ± 0.3 points to good 0.2 ± 0.1 points); gingival inflammation decreased from 24.6 ± 0.5% to 14.4 ± 0.2%. Classes on dental education and hygiene training helped children with cognitive developmental disabilities to orient better in self, time and place; helped to improve memory, increase vocabulary, form new knowledge and skills, and gradually form effective communication based on the child's intellectual deficiency severity.
Conclusions. The developed educational program "Dental Health" for dental diseases primary prevention in children with cognitive developmental disabilities allowed the formation of stable oral care skills, proved by a good score of oral hygiene indices.

Relevance. Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have poor self-care skills; they depend on sweet food, and their sensory integration is impaired. All of the above leads to poor oral hygiene. High rates of dental disease in these patients require searching for the most effective treatment and prevention methods. Special programs based on clinical manifestations and behaviour modification have been developed for children with ASD to adapt to dental appointments and oral hygiene education. In addition to traditional hygiene education, modern techniques, including electronic devices, are increasingly being introduced. Unfortunately, not all children can get used to dental manipulations, and the dentist has to resort to sedation or general anaesthes ia.
Objective. To present up-to-date information about children's adaptation methods to dental appointments, prevention and treatment of oral diseases.
Materials and methods. The literature analysis on the topic was the main study method. Publications were searched in the Medline PubMed and E-library databases by the keywords: 'treatment and prevention of diseases', 'children with ASD', 'adaptation' and 'hygiene education', according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines.
Results. The comprehensive approach to oral-disease treatment in children with ASD under general anaesthesia and sedation enables us to achieve excellent results with optimal comfort for both the patient and the pediatric dentist. The advantage of these methods is that the doctor can perform a larger volume of treatment and preventive measures during one visit.
Conclusion. Children with autism need prevention and treatment of dental conditions. Available prevention programs need to be adapted to their disease and personality characteristics, using various methods of hygiene education.

Relevance. Skeletal Class III malocclusion is one of the most frequent and challenging problems in orthodontics. This pathology affects both the maxillofacial area function and aesthetics of the patient. Surgery is the most common solution to this problem. The clinical case describes an alternative treatment method using the FAGGA appliance.
Clinical case description. The clinical case describes an increase in the upper jaw sagittal dimension in an adult patient who presented for orthodontic correction. The patient was offered treatment with the fixed FAGGA appliance. The treatment resulted in the upper jaw premaxillary zone increase by 3.7 mm, an SNA-angle increase by 2.89 degrees, and positive changes in the facial profile and aesthetics.
Conclusion. The described treatment method allowed for the improvement of the aesthetic and functional parameters and the achievement of normal overjet. The patient continues treatment with a bracket system.