Relevance. Anatomical and functional disorders in congenital clefts may be various. Their severity depends on the cleft size and on the combination of a cleft lip with an alveolar cleft. Alveolar cleft bone grafting (ACBG) is one of the most important surgeries for patients with cleft lip and palate rehabilitation. The study aimed to analyze the results of alveolar cleft bone grafting in various age groups, summarizing the available data and supplementing them with our own experience.

Materials and methods. In our clinic, 488 patients of different ages (from 4 to 18 years old), including patients with bilateral clefts, underwent ACBG.

Results. The result analysis showed the time of surgery should depend not on the child's age but on the orthodontic preparation of the child for ACBG.

Conclusion. The literature data and our experience allowed us to develop indications for ACBG at different ages

Relevance. Individual oral hygiene is the primary way to prevent major dental diseases. Fixed orthodontic appliances (braces) may become a barrier to good individual oral care. Aligners can provide an alternative to braces, allowing adequate toothbrushing when removed.
Aim. To compare hygiene levels among patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with conventional bracket systems and aligners.
Materials and methods. The study assessed oral hygiene levels at the baseline, two weeks and three months after the beginning of orthodontic treatment. The study used the PHP index to evaluate oral hygiene levels..
Results. Three months later, the comparative analysis revealed that 10% of patients with braces had good oral hygiene, 30% had acceptable oral hygiene, and 60% had poor. Twenty per cent of patients with aligners had good oral hygiene, 60% had acceptable oral hygiene, and 20% had poor.
Conclusions. Individual oral hygiene level in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances is significantly lower than in patients with removable appliances.

Relevance. The article analyzes the literature data on the use of probiotics for caries prevention. It presents clinical study results of the effectiveness of the DentoBLIS probiotic with Str. Salivarius M18 strain and vitamin D during orthodontic treatment in adolescents.  

Materials and methods. We conducted an open single-centre comparative study on the DentoBLIS one-month administration to 40 adolescents with fixed orthodontic appliances and dental caries.  

Results. The DentoBLIS one-month use demonstrated a decrease in the oral hygiene index by 16.45%, braces hygiene index – by 26.58%, the Muehlemann-Cowell index reduction by 16.67%, and an anti-halitosis effect – decrease in halitosis severity according to the VAS by 24.92%, according to the concentration of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) by 34.48%. DentoBLIS affects the saliva biochemical parameters, reflecting the microbiota condition: a significant increase in pH from 6.88 ± 0.04 to 6.95 ± 0.04, a decrease in saliva protein level from 5.01 ± 0.48 to 3.68 ± 0.44 g/l, decrease in glucose level from 0.45 ± 0.07 to 0.29 ± 0.02 mmol /l and GOT from 10.87 ± 1.18 to 7.73 ± 0.94 U/l.  

Conclusion. The DentoBLIS probiotic reduces plaque formation, gingival bleeding and halitosis severity in adolescents with dental caries during orthodontic treatment. Biochemical analysis revealed changes in some parameters of mixed saliva after the DentoBLIS use, which indicates a positive effect of the probiotic on the oral microbiota.

Relevance. Cerebral palsy (CP) is a common disease, which causes early disability in children and affects their dental status. The absence of malocclusion prevalence situational analysis precludes good planning of orthodontic care in the comprehensive rehabilitation of children and adolescents with CP. The study aimed to assess the orthodontic status in Arkhangelsk children and adolescents with primary, mixed and permanent dentition to ground the inclusion of an orthodontist in a multidisciplinary team. 

Materials and methods. In 2021, the study examined 110 children and adolescents aged 11 months to 17 years with confirmed CP undergoing treatment at the Arkhangelsk Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation Center. We performed an oral examination, interviewed parents (guardians) on bad habits in children and adolescents, objectively examined and assessed the orthodontic status and functional impairment (chewing, swallowing, breathing). 

Results. The prevalence of malocclusion in children and adolescents with CP is 100%. Malocclusion was detected in primary, mixed and permanent dentitions. We diagnosed distal occlusion (75.4%), open bite in primary teeth (66.6%), deep overbite in permanent dentition (60.1%), severe overjet (71.8%) and unilateral crossbite (3.6%).  

Conclusion. The results suggest reconsidering approaches to dental pathology prevention and treatment in spastic CP. Early diagnosis of initial malocclusion and customized preventive measures are essential in comprehensive treatment and prevention programs. 

Relevance. Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are known to have special dental needs. However, not all dentists are ready to provide qualified assistance. When choosing treatment goals and strategies, dentists often consider parental perceptions of the treatment process and its effectiveness. Aim. The study aimed to study parental priorities and satisfaction with dental care for children with autism spectrum disorders. 

Materials and Methods. The study involved parents of 65 children aged 4 to 17 years with a confirmed diagnosis of ASD. The main group included 33 children with ASD; the comparison group consisted of 32 neurotypical children. The parents' survey provided information about dental care satisfaction criteria and parental perception of their children's dental problems. Differences in two independent samples were comparatively analysed using the nonparametric Mann – Whitney U-test, and the attribute occurrence rate was determined using the χ2 test. The Spearman correlation coefficient (r) determined the relationship between variables. Differences were statistically significant at p < 0,05.  

Results. The criteria for dental care satisfaction of parents of children with ASD and neurotypical children differed significantly. A strong correlation was established (r = 0.82) between comorbid mental pathology in a child with ASD and satisfaction with dental treatment. The study found a stable positive correlation between "the incorporation of the “special interests” of a child with ASD in the process of interaction with a doctor” and “the level of cooperation of a child with ASD during treatment in a previous clinic” (r = 0.76), “the comfort of treatment conditions for a child with ASD” and “the level of parents' satisfaction with dental treatment in an earlier clinic” (r = 0.78). 

Conclusion. A family-centred approach can help improve treatment planning and achievement of dental health in children with autism. 

Relevance. The development of medical care quality control systems and implementation of medical information systems in dental services have recently been very relevant. Thus, research to increase the level of pediatric dental care through the implementation of modern medical information systems is paramount. Aim. The study aimed to improve the dental service quality control systems for primary teeth pulpitis treatment in children under seven years by implementing a medical information system.  

Material and Methods. According to the Protocols of management of children with dental diseases and clinical recommendations project „Pulpitis in children”, we comparatively assessed patient record documentation quality of 236 children under seven years who presented with diagnosis К04.03 „chronic pulpitis” to the pediatric dental clinic of the Clinical Centre for Maxillofacial, Plastic Surgery and Dentistry of the MSUMD in 2016 and 2018.  

Results. The study confirmed that medical information system ensures a higher quality of dental record documentation.  

Conclusion. A medical information system implementation significantly contributes to the improvement of the dental care quality control system.

Relevance. Proper and regular oral care is an integral part of dental disease prevention. The Arctic zone of Russia requires a separate study of caries prevalence and intensity as well as factors contributing to its development due to the Arctic climate and other features. Aim: To study oral hygiene practices among children in Arkhangelsk and evaluate their associations with dental health. 

Materials and methods. The study examined 125 patients aged 3-14 years and analyzed their oral hygiene practices by their parents’ survey. The patients were enrolled consecutively upon their presentation to the Northern State Medical University dental clinic. The study assessed caries intensity using the df, df+DMF and DMF indices. Bivariate analysis of hygiene factors and outcomes association was performed using Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The correlation analysis assessed sign association, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated.  

Results. Caries intensity was lower in children whose parents started oral care as the first tooth erupted (p = 0.006). The OHI-S score was worse in children who did not floss their teeth (p = 0.002), brushed their teeth with horizontal movements (p = 0.036), visited a dentist only when needed (p = 0.003), whose parents did not supervise and help with toothbrushing (p = 0.036). The OHI-S scores were better in children who brushed their teeth twice daily (p = 0.027). Correlation analysis revealed statistically significant association between the OHI-S and df, df+DMF, DMF scores (r = 0.494, p < 0.001).  

Conclusions. The study revealed that it is necessary to improve health promotion among parents. Individual dental education of patients and their parents requires more time at a dental appointment. And general dental health awareness among parents needs improvement.

Relevance. The need to solve a complex socially-significant problem based on postural disorders in more than 80% of the examined children and adolescents determines the study's relevance. The favourable development of the child's body is a good health guarantee, which determines the fundamental reserve of the growing body's vitality. In modern society, health is a necessary condition for the harmonious development of the individual and a significant contribution to the country's development. Our state supports the development of effective methods of diagnosis, treatment, prevention and complex rehabilitation of children and adults with postural disorders to improve children's general health and quality of life. 

Material and methods. The search for publications was carried out in the scientific search databases CyberLeninka, eLibrary and MEDLINE/PubMed by the keywords in Russian and in English: "posture", "posture formation", "correct posture", "postural disorders", "health status", "children". We studied the information obtained from 34 Russian language and 23 international literature sources and compiled a literature review.  

Results. Children of different ages have different physical development disorders and various health problems. Disharmonious physical development, the disproportionality of the facial skeleton, and disorders of the musculoskeletal, nervous, respiratory and cardiovascular systems cause psychological trauma and affect the quality of life of children and adolescents. Extreme manifestations of incorrect loading of the spine (scoliosis, flat feet) and persistent spine deformities may require conservative as well as surgical treatment. Physical and functional disorders of internal organs in young people lead to the high exposure of the latter to social factors and significantly reduce the quality of life, learning skills and ability to work.  

Conclusion. The authors consider it relevant to clarify the criteria for a comprehensive assessment of the state of posture and necessary to improve evaluation methods for the timely detection, prevention and cure of any disorders of the musculoskeletal system and dental-facial area and thereby contribute to improving the overall health of children. 

Relevance. Diabetes mellitus is one of the most complex metabolic chronic diseases. Severe forms of type I diabetes mellitus are more common in children and adolescents, and its prevalence is increasing in many countries. Type I diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents remains an essential health issue in many countries despite the achieved scientific and practical results and progress in diabetology. Therefore, its early detection in children is still relevant and is associated with the early diagnosis of endocrinolog ical pathologies.

Materials and methods. The study searched the publications in PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), Medline (www.elibrary.ru, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) by the specific keywords.

Results. In children with diabetes mellitus, vascular changes in periodontal tissues appear earlier than in other organs. On oral examination of children with diabetes mellitus, 50% of cases reveal periodontal lesions, and the lesions are often in the areas of the lower molars. If not treated, the following perio-dontitis signs are present in diabetic children: bleeding of the gingival papillae and the bright red colour of the gingival margin. There may be bulging of granulations from pathological gingival pockets. In most patients with type I diabetes mellitus, cytology of the periodontal pockets and gingival sulci demonstrated inflammatory cytologic responses, changes in the stratified squamous epithelium, and mixed bacterial microflora with leukocytes and erythrocytes.

Conclusion. The study of type I diabetes mellitus impact on pathological changes in the oral cavity of children and the development of therapeutic and preventive measures is a relevant issue in pediatric dentistry, which justifies the need to continue research in this area.

Relevance. Dental trauma prevalence is high among children. Treatment of intrusive luxation, where the choice of treatment technique depends on the root formation stage, is of particular interest.

Clinical case description. The article presents the treatment results of an 8-year-old patient with mixed dentition. The patient was diagnosed with an intrusive luxation of teeth 1.1, 2.1, soft tissue contusion, and fracture of the maxillary alveolar process.

Thirteen days after the injury, we started the orthodontic treatment with a bracket system (ROTH 018 Micro-Sprint) placed on the upper teeth, controlled by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Arches and elastics were consecutively changed during the treatment. In nine and a half months, teeth 1.1 and 2.1 were extruded. Functional and aesthetic parameters were restored. We assessed stability of the obtained result 18 months after the start of orthodontic treatment.

Conclusion. The intrusive luxation treatment planning calls for a thorough history and diagnosis data comparison. The choice of non-surgical treatment without tooth extraction requires informing the patient about possible complications, treatment difficulties and long-term follow-up observation. The successful treatment outcome needs comprehensive patient management by a multidisciplinary team of a maxillofacial surgeon, pediatric dentist, orthodontist and other related specialists, if necessary.