Relevance. The formation of malocclusion is due to some general and local risk factors, well described in the specialized literature. At the same time, information on the possible effect of an increased concentration of fluorides in drinking water on the prevalence and structure of malocclusion in children and adolescents is scarce and contradictory. The study aimed to investigate the prevalence of malocclusion in schoolchildren aged 12 and 15 years old, living in the area of endemic fluorosis, using DAI.

Materials and methods. A cross-sectional dental examination was performed in 361 (12- and 15-year-old) schoolchildren permanently residing in a settlement with high fluoride levels in drinking water (up to 4.5 ppm). The examined children were divided into several groups based on the presence and severity of dental fluorosis (DF). The study assessed DF according to the WHO classification and malocclusion according to the DAI. The obtained results were statistically processed using the SPSS® Statistics 23.0 program.

Results. The study revealed a high prevalence of FD (65.4%) and malocclusion (66.2%) among the examined students. 49% of schoolchildren had mild fluorosis. Incisal segment crowding was the most common malocclusion (DAI, component 2). Pronounced (more than 1 mm) irregularity (DAI, component 5) of the upper incisors was more common than the lower ones. Deviation in anterior-posterior molar relation was the second most common malocclusion (DAI - component 10). Half-a-cusp deviations were twice as frequent as full-cusp deviations. The prevalence of most DAI components was comparable in groups of schoolchildren without fluorosis and with dental fluorosis of different severity. The study noticed an increase in the frequency of deviations in the anterior-posterior first molar relation in patient groups with severe dental fluorosis.

Conclusions. The prevalence of most DAI components in schoolchildren without and with dental fluorosis of different severity was comparable. Further research is necessary to verify the obtained results.

Relevance. Early caries is one of the most prevalent childhood diseases worldwide. Up to 32% of three-year-olds have tooth decay, the prevalence of caries in 6-7-year-old children in different cities of Russia increases to 65%, while 55.7% of children have caries of permanent teeth. In order to improve the quality of dental care, it is necessary to receive information about the prevalence and intensity of dental diseases, taking into account medical geography. Purpose – to assess caries and fluorosis incidence rate in primary teeth, to determine the hygiene index and the level of dental care for children under seven years old living in regions with different fluoride concentrations in drinking water.
Materials and methods. The study conducted dental examinations of 150 children living in the South-Eastern Administrative District of Moscow aged 1 to 6 years and of 200 children living in Krasnogorsk aged 1 to 6 years. The study included the patients based on the developed inclusion criteria and informed voluntary parent consent. We entered the data into the registration card, which noted the dental formula, the prevalence and intensity of caries, the hygiene index according to Fedorov-Volodkina, the level of dental care according to P.A. Leus (1987).
Results. Children living in an area with a low fluoride concentration in drinking water show the first signs of caries by the first year of age, then there is a significant increase, observed in the group of 3and 6-year-olds. The prevalence of caries in 1-year-old children living in an endemic focus of fluorosis is almost two times lower than in children living in an area with a reduced content of fluorides in drinking water, in 3-4-year-old children – 1.5 times lower, and in 5-6-year-old children 2 times lower. Along with this, 16-year-old children living in the focus of endemic fluorosis, Krasnogorsk, Moscow region, revealed fluorosis of primary teeth with a prevalence of 27%.
Conclusions. The results indicates the need to increase the frequency and quality of patient education and increase the level of dental care.

Relevance. The health of the population is an essential criterion of the well-being of society. The high prevalence of dental diseases, which reduce the quality of life, dictates a broader implementation of preventive measures. Correcting the regularity of oral hygiene and consumption of fast digesting carbohydrates can achieve significant results. Purpose – to study some parameters of socio-hygienic, dental statuses and habits of patients who presented to the Health Center.
Materials and methods. To achieve the purpose, we interviewed and examined 550 people: 196 men and 354 women aged 18-85 who presented to the Health Center of Krasnoyarsk Interdistrict Hospital No. 3. The study analysed the structure of patients' visits to dentists and determined dental caries prevalence and intensity. The following definition was chosen to assess the behavioral habits of patients: the frequency of oral care during the day, the frequency of consuming fast digesting carbohydrates, the rate of toothbrush replacement. Statistical data was processed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 18.0 software package.
Results. 9.45% of patients exhibited low motivation for dental check-ups, most pronounced at a young age – 30,02 ± 2,00 years. The best motivation to visit a dentist for a dental check-up was among young people with higher or incomplete higher educa-tion – 57,7%. Visits to dentists for unspecified reasons were most pronounced in patients with primary or secondary education – 63,8%. The patients who presented for a dental check-up and prophylaxis exhibited the lowest caries intensity rate – 9,27 ± 1,01, and there were statistically significant differences in the DMF index depending on the education of the respondents (p = 0,016), including the components of the "F" and "M" (p < 0,001). Patients, who come for regular dental check-ups, have better oral hygiene, but very few of them limit the consumption of fast digesting carbohydrates.
Conclusions. The patient motivation for dental check-ups is extremely low and depends on age and education. Patients, who visit dentists for a check-up, have the lowest intensity of dental caries and statistically significant differences in the components of the DMF index depending on education.
The establishing of health centres in the domestic health care system to promote a healthy lifestyle in Russian citizens, including smoking and alcohol consumption reduction, allows using their organisational, methodological and material and technical capabilities for further studying the issues of dental disease prevention, creating the most balanced questionnaires and other tools for assessing and monitoring dental health.

Relevance. Craniofacial microsomia is a collective definition combining congenital pathologies of organs developing from the first and second branchial arches. However, the affiliation of various congenital pathologies to this disease remains controversial. For this reason, there are no standardized indications for the timing and methods of treatment. 

Materials and methods. This paper analyzes the results of examinations conducted from 2011 to 2021in 89 children and adolescents from 1 to 18 years with craniofacial microsomia.

Results. Patient groups were allocated according to the pathology severity and their age, and were offered vari- ous treatments depending on the phenotype variant.

Conclusions. Based on international and our experience and considering the anatomical and functional changes in children and adolescents with craniofacial microsomia, creating a scheme for developing a customized multidisciplinary algorithm to treat these patients becomes relevant.

Relevance. Purpose of the study to assess the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among 15-year-old adolescents of the Arkhangelsk region.
Materials and methods. This cross-sectional study is a part of the Third National dental examination of children and adolescents of the Russian Federation. The sample consisted of 1091 teenagers from 7 urban and 5 rural settlements. The study assessed the prevalence of malocclusion and calculated the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) to evaluate orthodontic treatment needs according to the sex and place of residence. The prevalence of malocclusion was presented by proportions with 95 % confidence intervals (CI) calculated by the Wilson method. Categorical variables were compared using Pearson’s chi-squared test. The numeric variables were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test. Results. The malocclusion prevalence was 67% (95% CI: 64,2–69,8) without sex or location of residence differences. The mean DAI score was 24,0 (95% CI: 23,2–24,8) for the rural and 22,9 (22,5–23,4) for the urban adolescents (p < 0,001). 33,5 % of the 15-year-olds needed orthodontic treatment, with no differences in sex or place of residence. 18,7% of adolescents exhibited overt malocclusion, 9,7% had severe malocclusion, and 5,0% – very severe.
Conclusions. The prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs in the Arkhangelsk region remain high. The mean DAI score was higher in rural than in urban adolescents. All the above mentioned indicates the necessity to prevent and timely treat orthodontic pathology in adolescents.

Relevance. Treatment of patients with cleft lip and palate requires a comprehensive approach in treatment, and analysis of the vertebral column state reveals the need to include orthopedic rehabilitation in the therapy algorithm. The purpose of the study is to assess the posture disorders and spinal deformities in patients 5-12 years old with cleft of the upper lip, alveolar process and palate and compare with posture disorders in patients with mesial occlusion.
Materials and methods. The study involved 26 patients (8 girls, 18 boys) with unilateral cleft lip and palate and 24 children (9 girls, 15 boys) with mesial occlusion, aged 5-12 years, whose posture was studied by the optical topographic imaging technique. The results of "sagittal analysis", "lateral analysis", and "horizontal analysis" were received. The examination resulted in the allocation of several groups according to the posture health, which was determined based on the worst diagnosis made on three planes of the spinal column examination: I-H – health group I – healthy; I-S – health group I – subnormal (1-2 stage scoliosis); II-PD – health group II – posture disorder; II-SD – health group II – spinal deformity (1-2 stage scoliosis and other spinal deformities); III – health group III – moderate and severe spinal deformities. Statistical data was processed using the "data analysis" function of the KOMOT program itself and the Microsoft Excel program.
Results. Patients with cleft lip, alveolar ridge and palate demonstrated musculoskeletal disorders more frequently than children with similar malocclusion, especially in a frontal and sagittal plane: 72% of the main group and 50% of the comparison group exhibited stage-1 scoliosis, round-concave back, enhancement of physiologic curves were also 14% higher in the main group.100% of the examined children of the main group revealed postural disorders in the coronal plane, 61% – in the horizontal plane and 89% – in the sagittal plane.
Conclusions. The study evidenced that patients with cleft lip, alveolar process, and palate have significantly more musculoskeletal disorders than children, who have a similar malocclusion. Orthopaedic treatment should be included in the rehabilitation of children with cleft lip, alveolar ridge and palate.

Relevance. Children with disabilities have a high prevalence of caries, periodontal diseases and poor oral hy- giene. The study aimed to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a method for a comprehensive psychologi- cal assessment of the level of awareness about dental disease prevention in children with disabilities aged 6 to 12 years.

Materials and methods. We examined 249 primary school students, 154 with intellectual disabilities, from Khabarovsk Territory and calculated the prevalence and intensity of caries and the level of oral hygiene. The study surveyed children with disabilities by the developed comprehensive psychological method.

Results. There were no significant differences in the intensity and prevalence of caries. The level of hygiene in systemically healthy children is good – 1.50 ± 0.05. the level of oral hygiene in children with mild intellectual disability is poor – 1.70 ± 0.04 (p < 0.05). The awareness about dental disease prevention is below average or low in children with disabilities.

Conclusions. The developed method and its adaptation allowed us to objectively assess the awareness level in children with disabilities and develop differentiated recommendations.

Relevance. Previous studies have shown an improvement in orthodontic patients’ health-related quality of life. It is interesting to study the effect of various orthodontic appliances on the patients’ quality of life. Purpose – to study the changes in dental parameters of the quality of life in patients with malocclusion before orthodontic treatment, during treatment with metal and ceramic vestibular braces and after treatment, using removable retainers.
Materials and methods. Using a validated Russian version of Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-49RU), we surveyed the quality of life in four patient groups: 1 - with malocclusion (n = 35), 2 – with removable retainers (n = 32), 3 – with metal brackets (n = 30), 4 – with ceramic brackets (n = 33). Statistical processing was carried out in Statistics 10. The study used descriptive statistics methods, e.g., nonparametric test methods determined the significance of sign differences: using the Kruskal-Wallis H, z tests and the χ2 test with Yates' correction.
Results. OHIP-49 score analysis revealed statistically significant differences among the studied groups of pa- tients (1 - functional limitation (H = 9.15; p <0.05), 2 - physical pain (H = 13.98; p < 0.01), 3 - psychological discomfort (H = 23.04; p <0.001), 4 - physical disability (H = 24.73; p <0.001), 5 - psychological disability (H = 11.03; p < 0.05), 6 - social disability (H = 16.21; p <0.01), 7 - handicap (H = 7.91; p <0.05)).
Conclusions. The patients, who had completed the orthodontic treatment and used removable retainers at night, demonstrated the best score in most sections of the questionnaire and the patients with malocclusion, who had presented to an orthodontist - the worst. Patients with the brackets had a higher score on the "Physical pain" section of the questionnaire (6.5 (3.0-8.0) with metal braces and 4.0 (2.0-7.0) with ceramic bracket system). The quality of life in patients with metal and ceramic brackets did not have statistically significant differences. 

Relevance. The level of oral health knowledge directly affects the level of oral health. The study aims to study the level of oral health and oral disease knowledge and motivation among the population with limited mobility and specialists.
Materials and methods. The study analyzed the results of the target audience survey. We developed questionnaires for children and specialists on the level of knowledge of dental disease prevention, motivation for oral care education, the quality and structure of classes with children, and specialist needs to use various related materials for conducting such educational lessons. The survey involved 178 children, of which 112 had eye disorders, and 66 children composed the control group. We also interviewed 53 specialists (dentists). The children oral responses were recorded, and specialists answered the multiple-choice survey questions in writing.

Results. The study results showed a low level of oral health knowledge in schoolchildren with eye disorders, despite their high motivation to study compared to the control group (systemically healthy children). The survey revealed an acute shortage of special teaching aids for visually impaired children among specialists despite the ongoing oral health education programs.
Conclusions. The study concluded that it is necessary to develop and standardize specific education methods on the dental disease prevention for blind and visually impaired children.

Relevance. One of the complications of maxillary tooth extraction is its intrusion into the maxillary sinus due to the peculiarities of the anatomy of the upper jaw and possible technical errors of the doctor. The extranasal approach is the most common treatment method of this pathology, namely the Caldwell-Luke surgery (radical antrostomy) or oroantral communication closure and removal of a foreign body from a maxillary sinus.

Diagnosis. This article describes two clinical cases. Both patients were admitted to the Pediatric Maxillofacial Surgery Unit with a diagnosis of Foreign body in the maxillary sinus. The paper presents our experience on the endoscopic removal of a foreign body from the TMJ in these patients.

Results. Endoscopic removal of foreign bodies from the maxillary sinus was the treatment method in these patients. The postoperative period was unremarkable and without complications.

Conclusions. We currently believe that the endoscopic approach to tooth removal from the maxillary sinus is a solution that should be adhered to by all modern surgeons since this method is less invasive and has a short recovery period.