Relevance. The modern method of infiltration provides an opportunity to stop the spread of pathogenic bacteria and the development of caries at the white spot stage, replacing the destroyed enamel cells with special polymers having low viscosity and high penetrating ability. The stabilization of the process is achieved in a short time with the maximum safety of their tissues.
Purpose. Treatment of initial tooth decay in children by infiltration, assessment of the effectiveness and advantages of modern technology.
Materials and methods. Clinical examination was carried out according to generally accepted methods. Additionally, a laser diagnostic method was used using the KaVo DIAGNOdent device (Germany). The LLP Dentistry Center «Zhaik Dent» and the LLP «Concept» used the Icon system for the treatment of initial caries and after orthodontic treatment for 25 children with 54 teeth.
Results. At the end of tooth treatment with the Icon infiltration method, parents and the child were given recommendations: from the next day, brush your teeth 2 times a day, rinse your mouth regularly after eating, do not drink drinks, products with coloring substances. To monitor the result of treatment, the child was prescribed for reexamination after 7-10 days, after one month, in the following periods – once a year.After working with the material of the Icon system, the authors noted the pronounced effects of the treatment of initial caries by the method of infiltration.

Conclusions. 1. The method of infiltration is a modern and promising technology for the treatment of dental caries at an early stage without losing healthy tissues. 2. The Icon infiltration method makes it possible to stop the spread of pathogenic bacteria and develop tooth decay at the white spot stage, replacing the destroyed enamel cells with special polymers having low viscosity and high penetrating ability. 3. The stabilization of the carious process is achieved in a short time with the maximum preservation of the tooth's tissues.

Relevance. Processes of disturbance of regional hemodynamics, tissue blood flow, insufficiency of transcapillary metabolism and antioxidant system caused by dysfunction of periodontal vascular endothelium among patients with diabetes type 1 directly lead to diabetic microangiopathy accompanied by decrease of level of microcirculation and perfusion of periodontal tissues among patients with absolute insulin insufficiency. The reduction of linear and volumetric blood flow rates in periodontal vessels among patients with type 1 diabetes compared to values obtained by ultrasonic dopplerography in healthy patients can be considered as distinctive features of the manifestation of this systemic disease on microcirculation of periodontal tissues.

Purpose. To evaluate the hemodynamics of periodontal vessels among patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 and without diabetes before and after conservative periodontal therapy.

Materials and methods. 40 patients at the age 20-30 years were surveyed: 20 patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 and 20 patients without diabetes. All subjects underwent dental examination. To study the state of microcirculation of periodontal tissues patients of both groups underwent high-frequency ultrasound Doppler “Minimax-doppler-k”. Further was conducted professional oral hygiene complex with training in rules of individual oral hygiene. Reexamination was scheduled after 4 weeks.

Results. During the conduction have been registered average baseline of the linear (Vam) and volumetric (Qam) blood flow in periodontal vessels in patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 and without diabetes. Average linear (Vam) and volumetric (Qam) blood flow before the conduction of professional oral hygiene complex were considerably lower compared to patients without diabetes. This points reduction of microcirculation and perfusion of periodontal tissues in patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 and without diabetes. Reassessment of blood flow in periodontal tissues in 4 weeks after professional oral hygiene revealed an increase in rate of microcirculation in periodontal tissues among patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 and without diabetes.

Conclusion. Our study confirms the theory of hemodynamic impairment and local hemostasis in patients with type 1 diabetes, which is reflected in the appearance of trophic disorders of an inflammatory-dystrophic nature and a decrease in hemodynamic parameters. After conservative periodontal therapy, we revealed positive changes in hemodynamics of periodontal vessels, which was recorded using ultrasound dopplerography. Our results will allow us to select the optimal algorithms for the timely diagnosis, prevention and treatment of dental diseases in patients with type 1 diabetes in future. 

Relevance. Numerous studies on the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of decay of temporary teeth objectify the relevance of this problem. Currently used fluoride preparations are very effective, but nonetheless, there is an increase in caries from year to year. Therefore, as an addition to fluorine preparations, the use of dietary supplements based on Ganoderma Lucidum has been proposed.

Purpose. Conduct an open, randomized study of the dietary supplements based on the Ganoderma Lucidum in the comprehensive prevention of dental caries in children.

Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, 78 children aged 3 to 12 years were examined in terms of indicators: estimates of the prevalence of caries (%), the intensity of caries (CSD – carious, sealed, distant and CFS – carious, filled surfaces), the simplified OHI-S index (Green-Wermillion), CPITN, and oral cavity IG according to Kuzmina EM. (2000). All children, depending on the prevalence of caries, were divided into 2 groups: group 1 – the main (41 children, age 6.4 ± 4.8 years) – for complex prevention, fluoride preparations were used with dietary supplements based on Ganoderma Lucidum, group 2 – comparison group (37 children, age 7.3 ± 3.7 years) – fluorine preparations were used for complex prophylaxis.

Results. After 4 months of application of the dietary supplements based on Ganoderma Lucidum, an improvement in oral hygiene was recorded. So, in the main group, IG improved by 57% and amounted to 0.21 ± 0.02, in the comparison group – by 33% and amounted to 0.52 ± 0.03 (p≤0.05). In the comparison group, before the use of fluoride preparations, the% of sanitized was 63%, whereas after the use of fluorine this indicator was 72%. The CSD index before application was 3.32 ± 0.01 and after application was 2.56 ± 0.02. CPITN before use was 1.2 ± 0.04 whereas after use it was 0.76 ± 0.03. OHI-S before application was 40.03% and after application of fluorine it was 21.05%. The increase in caries before the use of fluorine was 0.76 ± 0.04 and after the use of fluorine was 0.33 ± 0.02.

Conclusions. The use of dietary supplements based on Ganoderma Lucidum in combination with fluorine preparations is more appropriate for a comprehensive prevention program than the usual use of fluorine preparations. 

Relevance. Risk factors of local importance plays a crucial role in the development of inflammatory periodontal diseases, but the profile of representation and the role of origin microbial markers continues to be refined, what explains the increasing interest by the metagenomic studies.

Purpose. To compare the genomic composition of the microbiota of the periodontal sulcus and periodontal pocket by healthy patients with inflammatory periodontal diseases living on the territory of Kazan, the Republic of Tatarstan.

Materials and methods. The study included 25 young people (11 boys, 14 girls) aged 18-19 years, with inflammatory periodontal diseases (chronic generalized catarrhal gingivitis (12 people), chronic generalized periodontitis of mild severity (13 people)). The control group consisted of 11 donors without inflammatory periodontal disease.

Results. In the present study structures of microbial communities of periodontal spaces has been analyzed with using the sequencing of fragments of bacterial 16s rRNA genes (regions V3 and V4). Results of the analysis allowed to get a real idea of its composition and to determine both known and previously undefined uncultivated phylotypes. 

Conclusions. It was shown that in the group of the patients with inflammatory periodontal diseases there were identified 183 phylotypes at the level of genus (Mogibacteriacea, TM7 3, Rs–045, Dethiosulfovibrionaceae) relating to 17 phyls (phylum), that is a synonym of type in taxonomy (taxon between Kingdom and class). By the patients with chronic generalized periodontitis of mild severity, it was not possible to reliably isolate the phylotypes present in increased amounts in relation to chronic catarrhal gingivitis; in relation to control – there was a statistically significant increase in the proportion of families Porphyromonadaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae and the proportion of genera Dialister, Filifactor, Parvimonas, Tannerella, Treponema. 

Relevance. Forming of dental health of child population is one of the key problems of stomatology at the modern stage. Purpose. To determine the efficiency of comprehensive prevention and treatment measures on dental status of teenagers being at different stages of orthodontic treatment.

Materials and methods. 68 children at the age of 15 with pathology of dentoalveolar system being at the preparation stage and at the beginning stages of the orthodontic treatment were examined. The first group included 22 patients with abnormalities of soft tissue at the surgical preparation stage; 19 patients of the second group had accompanying hearing and speech impairments in need of orthodontic treatment at the therapeutic preparation; 27 patients of the third group were at the beginning stages of orthodontic treatment with integral technique. Intensity and the rate of tooth decay intensity, indexes Silness-Loe, РМА (C. Parma, 1960), SBI, physicochemical properties of saliva (secretion speed, saliva surface tension, pH potential) as well and Tooth-Enamel Resistance test were defined.

Results. Children of 15 years old with pathology of dentition system displayed high degree of decay intensity 0,63 ± 0,05, low degree of oral hygiene (1,861 ± 0,102 points by Silness-Loe, PI index), mild degree of gingivitis by РМА index 14,22 ± 1,18% and increase degree of bleeding (SBI 0,111 ± 0,0083 points) on the background of changing of rheological properties of saliva (secretion speed, saliva surface tension) and its pH potential 6,62 ± 0,076. The efficiency of use of parodontax line of hygiene products was studied.

Conclusions. The usage of the complex of prevention and treatment measures with inclusion of parodontax toothpastes and the mouth rinses at different stages of orthodontic treatment of the teenagers normalizes hygienic condition of cavity, stabilizes parodontal indexes on the background of reliable shift of saliva pH to alkaline side and rheological characteristics of saliva. 

Relevance. An important modern medical and social problem is child disability, as it is one of the most important characteristics of public health and social well-being of the country, and also serves as an indicator of the health of the child population and the quality of medical care for children and their mothers. The specificity of children's disability is that the limitations of life arise in the period of active formation of higher mental functions, assimilation of knowledge and skills, in the period of formation of personality. Purpose. To improve the quality of comprehensive rehabilitation of children with motor disorders, having dental and speech disorders, based on the introduction of improved standards of medical and social rehabilitation and habilitation services.

Materials and methods. The cohort of patients included in the study was represented by 120 disabled children with motor disorders in the form of spastic forms of cerebral paralysis, having dental anomalies and speech defects, the average age was 8.7 years ± 1.2 years. In the course of an open controlled prospective clinical study, neurological and dental status, psycho-speech development in the dynamics before and after treatment and rehabilitation measures were evaluated.

Results. Data on the frequency and structure of dental anomalies and speech disorders in children with different clinical variants of spastic forms of cerebral paralysis were obtained.

Conclusions. It is shown that contemporary approaches to correction of dental and speech disorders in children with motor disorders give a positive result and should be carried out continuously from an early age until the maximum possible correction of lost functions is achieved. 

Relevance. In the actual dentistry a special place takes opportune diagnosis of early stages of dental caries and effective non-surgical treatment. In the recent times new approaches, technologies and methods for diagnosing focal demineralization of tooth enamel have been developed, among which the laser fluorescence method is widely used.

Purpose. To study the results of local enamel demineralization treatment with the caries infiltration method according to laser fluorescence value.

Materials and methods. The method of caries infiltration was applied in 99 permanent teeth with local enamel demineralization in 15 children aged 10-16 years. Laser fluorescence method was used for enamel demineralization assessment before and immediately after the treatment, after 6, 12 and 18 months. Three study groups were formed according to laser fluorescence value before the treatment: the first one – values 14-20 (initial enamel demineralization), the second one – values 21-29 (deep enamel demineralization), the third one – values ≥ 30 (enamel and dentine demineralization). Proportions (%), mean-values and standard errors (M±m) were calculated, significance (p) of differences was assessed according to Students’ criteria (t) at p < 0.05. 

Results. During 18 months after caries infiltration caries cavities forming were not revealed. The mean-values of laser fluorescence were in the first group before the treatment 17.38 ± 0.27, after the treatment 5.00±0.82, after 18 months – 4.82 ± 0.79; in the second group 25.42 ± 0.38, 15.25 ± 0.78 and 13.96 ± 0.75, in the third group 33.08 ± 0.69, 22.54 ± 1.39 and 20.77 ± 1.44 respectively. The differences between the values before and after the treatment were significant statistically (p < 0,001) in all groups. After 18 months the laser fluorescence values corresponding to healthy enamel were revealed in 94.1% cases in the first group, in 50.0% cases in the second group, and in 7.7% cases in the third group.

Conclusions. Local enamel demineralization treatment of permanent teeth in children with the caries infiltration method prevented caries cavity forming. Monitoring laser fluorescence values revealed that the results of the treatment with the caries infiltration method depended on the depth of dental hard tissue demineralization. 

Relevance. Nowadays the choice of restorative material and treatment plan for caries of immature permanent teeth in children remains of current interest.

Purpose. To evaluate the clinical efficacy of modified glass-ionomer cement for restoration of permanent immature teeth in children with different risk of dental caries.

Materials and methods. The results of the treatment of immature permanent teeth in children with different risk of caries are proposed in this article. 100 permanent immature teeth in children with a low, moderate and high risk of dental caries with acute and chronic process were treated using modified glass ionomer cement. Remineralizing therapy was carried out in children with acute caries for 2 weeks before restoration. The duration of remineralizing therapy in children with a high risk and chronic caries was 2 weeks, in the acute caries – 4 weeks. Remineralizing therapy included application of calcium and phosphate containing agents. Assessment of the fillings was conducted in 12 and 24 months in accordance with Ryge criteria which take into account the anatomical shape, marginal adaptation, marginal pigmentation, color stability, and surface roughness.
Results. It has been found the high effectiveness of the proposed method of treatment after two years. 100% retention of restorations were revealed. 80-95% fillings were of satisfactory quality, 5-20% of fillings were of acceptable quality and do not require correction or re-treatment.

Conclusions. The modified glass-ionomer cement restorations with previous remineralizing therapy provide the high clinical efficacy for the treatment of caries in permanent immature teeth in children with different risk caries in 85-90% of clinical cases. 

Relevance. An open bite in children and adolescents makes up about 2-3% of all dentoalveolar disorders and is one of the most difficult pathological bites to treat. Aesthetic changes in children with vertical dislocation of the dentition are complicated by impaired functions of chewing, breathing and speech formation. The treatment of this pathology is complicated by an extensive list of etiological factors affecting the development of this pathology of the dentition. In most cases, after a successful hardware correction of an open bite, the pathology appears again after the completion of the active phase of orthodontic treatment.

Purpose. To analyze the retention period in children and adolescents with vertical disocclusion of the dentition.

Materials and methods. In order to analyze the retention period in children and adolescents with vertical disocclusion of the dentition, 17 children aged 5 to 15 years were taken for orthodontic treatment. Six of them showed vertical disocclusion (mild, 1 degree) of the dentition. 7 children and adolescents had vertical disocclusion of moderate severity. 4 patients aged 13-15 years had an open bite of a severe form. All patients underwent orthodontic treatment using removable and non-removable orthodontic appliances.

Results. During the retention period in all patients of different groups specially made for this purpose were used demountable and non- removable devices , such as the Hawley device, medical devices in the inactivated state, non- removable wire retainers, single- jawed retention Kappa, retainers of their own design. ign. Examination of patients 6 and 12 months after the beginning of the retention period showed stability of the achieved therapeutic result in patients aged 5-12 years , and in patients of the older age group, the retention period was extended to 18-24 months due to the need to adapt bone structures.

Conclusions. The analysis of the retention period of pediatric patients with vertical disocclusion of the dentition revealed a number of significant temporal differences. The average retention period in patients with open bite from the age of 5-12 years was 8-12 months. Its duration in patients aged 13-15 years was 15-24 months. 

Relevance. Permanent teeth carious involvement starts from their eruption in children aged 5-6 years. Hard tissues mineralization in permanent teeth lasts long. Nowadays, efficacy of combined applying calcium containing drugs and the ozonation method while treating permanent teeth caries in children with incompleted processes of dental hard tissues mineralization has not been revealed.

Purpose. Increasing effectiveness of dentin caries treatment of children's permanent teeth with incompleted mineralization processes in dental hard tissues.

Materials and methods. There were carried out clinical and laboratory examinations and treatment of 41 children (aged 6-14). They had dentin caries in permanent teeth with incompleted mineralization processes in hard tissues .In 2 groups studied carious cavities were treated mechanically and medically and afterwards the dentin density measurement was made by the method of fluorecent analysis using DIAGNOdent apparatus. The mineralization degree of clinically intact dentin having been determined, in Group 1 Dycal paste and a hermetic temporary filling of glass ionomer cement were placed onto the floor of carious cavities. In Group 2 carious cavities were treated mechanically and medically and then ozonized during 30 seconds with Kavo - HealOzone apparatus followed by application of Dycal paste onto the floor of carious cavities and temporary filling with glass ionomer cement. Three months later, the temporary filling material and Dycal paste were removed out of the children's teeth in both groups and measuring mineralization degree of the clinically intact dentin was made again.

Results. Dentin mineralization increase in Group 1 showed 33,9% following delayed filling technique. In Group 2 the ozonation method promoted the increase by 54,9%.

Conclusions. Carious cavitiies ozonation before applying calcium containing material favours higher mineralization degree (by 21%). 

Relevance. The present article provides data regarding changes in the oral cavity during orthodontic tratment with custom-made removable appliances. Purpose. To study the condition of the oral cavity in children aged 7-12 with dentoalveolar abnormalities during treatment with removable orthodontic appliances.

Materials and methods. 110 patients aged 7-12 were examined in Nakhodka, Russia. Group I – control (34 subjects) with no dentoalveolar pathology. Group II – children with dentoalveolar pathology (74 subjects), undergoing orthodontic treatment. Besides clinical examination the following laboratory tests were taken, namely: saliva viscosity, saliva PH, saliva buffer capacity, microcrystallography of saliva. Type III prevailed in 60% of cases.

Results. Caries intensity during orthodontic treatment was detected to increase up to 8.32 ± 0.28 in comparison with control group 6.57 ± 0.22 (p < 0.05). Hygiene rate decreased in experimental group to 2.8 ± 0.08, in comparison with controls – 1.40 ± 0.02 (p < 0.05). Salivary PH decreased during orthodontic treatment. Microcrystallization type III of saliva prevailed in 60% of cases.

Conclusions. The study revealed strong relationship between orthodonotic treatment with removable appliances and physicochemical properties of mixed saliva r = 0.95 (p < 0.05). Appropriate approach and timely preventive measures can help correct oral condition in orthodontic treatment. Despite changes in oral fluid composition, esthetic and functional result of treatment with orthodontic customized removable appliances was high. 

Relevance. The problem of dental caries in children remains unsolved. The traditional model of organizing preventive care in the Russian Federation has substantial flaws that do not allow to solve the problem of high dental morbidity rate among children.

Purpose. To evaluate the change of clinical and laboratory parameters of oral homeostasis in children in the context of testing of the regional model of school dental service in Omsk.

Materials and methods. In this work we have studied clinical and laboratory parameters of oral homeostasis in 12-year-old children in the context of testing of the regional model of school dental service. We have analyzed average values of these parameters in the test group (new preventive treatment program participants) and the comparison group (the traditional preventive model in school dental service) 3, 6, and 12 months after the observation, as well as in the control group (children who received no preventive treatment). On the basis of the data obtained, we evaluated the efficacy of our regional model of school dental service in Omsk [6]. The following indices were used for an objective assessment of children’s oral hygiene and periodontal condition: Fedorov-Volodka hygiene index, OHI-S, PMA (Parma), DMFT, CPI (Complex periodontal index), Level of caries intensity, CPITN. The following laboratory parameters were studied: pH, buffer capacity, product of the solubility, surface tension, total calcium and inorganic phosphorus. The statistical processing of the results was done with «Statistica 8.0» with the use of Wilcoxon criteria, Mann-Whitney test, one-way analysis of variance (Friedman's ANOVA), and Kruskal-Wallis’s ANOVA. Pair correlations were determined using Spearman's Rcoefficient of correlation, and multiple correlations were determined using cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling.

Results. The new region-specific model of preventive treatment with participation of a dental hygienist demonstrated significant improvements of the parameters of oral homeostasis, different from analogous parameters in children who followed the traditional model of preventive treatment.

Conclusions. In the course of one year, the regional model of operation for school dental service, developed and tested in the Omsk region, demonstrated positive changes in the dental morbidity rate in 12-year-old children compared to the traditional model of preventive dental treatment. Thus, the solution to high morbidity rate of dental caries and periodontal diseases in children is possible on the condition of priority development of region-specific preventive treatment for the regional dental service. 

Relevance. The modern view of periodontitis as a dysbiotic disease that occurs as a result of changes in the microbial composition of the subgingival region is considered in a systematic review.

Purpose. To study a new paradigm of development of generalized periodontitis.

Materials and methods. Randomized controlled trials (RCTS) were selected for the study, including cluster RCTS, controlled (non-randomized) microbiological and clinical studies of the oral microbiome in adult patients with generalized periodontitis over the past 10 years.

Results. The development of periodontal dysbiosis occurs over a period of time, which slowly turns the symbiotic association of the host and microbe into a pathogenic one. This review examines the current paradigm of periodontitis progression, which calls into question the traditional concept of a disease induced by several particular periodontal pathogens belonging to the red complex.

Conclusions. As follows from modern literature periodontitis is to a certain extent caused by the transition from a harmonious symbiotic bacterial community to a dysbiotic one. Recent scientific studies have shown that not single microorganism is not able to cause disease but the microbial community as a whole leads to the development of pathology. 

Relevance. Dental caries is a global problem of our time, its prevalence is 99% of the world’s population. According to a number of authors, the prevalence of caries in Russia among children of 6 years is 62%, 12 years – 78%, 15 years – 88%. The treatment of caries and its complications is a painful, time-consuming and expensive process. Therefore, it is important to develop new tools and methods for the prevention of caries. Fundamental knowledge about the anatomy of the enamel, the etiology and pathogenesis of caries create a prerequisite for the development of new ways of primary prevention of caries. In attempts to solve this problem significant results have been achieved: for example, it is known that at the level of elementary cells of crystals in the enamel there happens a constant process of the ion interaction. This becomes possible due to the most important feature of the enamel – penetrability. However, there are many gaps in the molecular nature of penetrability, so we decided to turn to the theme of literary review.

Purpose. Study of the molecular mechanisms of enamel permeability and a review of means for its remineralization.

Materials and methods. Literature review on a given topic from 16 sources.

Results. The review presents ion-exchange processes in tooth enamel and topical carioprophylactic compositions for remineralizing therapy.

Conclusions. Remineralizing therapy with carioprophylactic gels is the most promising direction for caries prevention, taking into account the anatomy and physiology of ion-exchange processes in tooth enamel.