Relevance. The high incidence of dental caries in children remains relevant to the modern preventive dentistry. Many works have appeared in the recent years on the primary prevention of dental diseases in children based on the caries risk prediction. Thus, dental caries prognosis is relevant and requires further study to improve the methods of individual prevention in children.

Purpose - to determine predictors of the oral mineral exchange in the mixed dentition according to the results of the cluster analysis.

Materials and methods. A comprehensive clinical and laboratory examination of the oral metabolic processes was performed in 60 caries-resistant children with the mixed dentition aged from 7 to 12 years. Statistical analysis was performed using STATISTICA 8.0 software.

Results. The study revealed strong relationship between the individual clinical and laboratory predictors, determined the optimal set of predictors for classifying patients with different types of saliva microcrystallization, which is a prerequisite for the possible caries risk prognosis in mixed dentition.

Conclusions. The obtained data of the oral mineral metabolism predictors can help to plan the individual primary prevention programs in children during the active formation of the hard dental tissues and to create software to make preclinical diagnosis and prognosis of the subclinical carious process.

Relevance. Osteogenesis imperfecta is a rare hereditary disease of the connective tissue and the skeleton caused by incomplete mineralization of the bony tissue and hard dental tissue of the primary and permanent dentition. The most common oral manifestations of osteogenesis imperfecta are polymorphism, anodontia, impairment of amelogenesis and dentinogenesis. Function and esthetics are impaired in hereditary amelognenesis imperfecta and dentinogenesis imperfecta.

Materials and methods. 36 children aged from 4 to 6 years with different types of osteogenesis imperfecta were examined in the clinic of the department of pediatric dentistry of the Clinical Center for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery and Dentistry. Morphological structure of the dental samples was studied for the first time ever using scanning electron microscopy.

Results. Characteristic changes were detected by the clinical and X-ray examination. The article presents for the first time the comparison of deciduous hard dental tissue morphology in children with different types of osteogenesis imperfecta studied by the scanning electron microscopy (in vitro).

Conclusions. The received data are of primary importance for prognosis and strategy of the dental treatment in children with different types of osteogenesis imperfecta.

Relevance. Behcet's diasease (BD) is a rare pediatric pathology, children compose 2-3% of all patients with Behcet's disease. Dentists are the first to encounter this severe disease, they provide continuous observation of children with chronic recurrent aphtous stomatitis (RAS), which has a prolonged course, frequent recurrences and resistance to the administered treatment. Elaboration of a program of collaborative examination and treatment of children by dentists, rheumalologisls and pediatricians was required. Purpose - to increase the level of diagnosis and treatment of Behcet's disease in children through the interdisciplinary approach to rehabilitation of the disease.

Materials and methods. We examined children hospitalized to rheumatology department of University Children’s Clinical Hospital of Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University. There were 21 children aged between 6 and 17 with Behcet’s disease who were referred to a dentist, pediatrician and rheumatologist for a comprehensive examination of the whole body. The developed plan included assessment of disease localization and genetic predisposition, detection of a trigger and time of first manifestations of the primary diagnostic sign of RAS and manifestation time of subsequent clinical signs of the disease, laboratory tests and histomorphologic evaluation of damaged mucosa.

Results. Upon application of the suggested plan of examination in children with Behcet’s disease it was found out that 18 (85.7%) children had nationality of the Silk Road. In 100% of children chronic recurrent aphtous stomatitis was the first symptom of the disease with severe course in 14 (66.67%) children, monthly relapses in 7 (33.34%) children and chronic relapses in 6 (28.57%) children. Among other symptoms of Behcet’s disease in children eye lesions are the most frequent (90.9%), the digestive system is affected in 90.9%, excretory organs are affected in 72.7%, and articular syndrome is frequently encountered (45.4%). Anemia, elevated ESR, immune index changes, decrease of total number of T-lymphocytes and T-helpers, elevated level of circulating immune complex (CIC), elevation of specific classes of immunoglobulins (especially IgA), hemotoxic activity of neutrophils and decrease of secretory IgA in saliva were detected on additional examination of children with Behcet’s disease (only severe RAS).

Conclusions. Thus, Behcet’s disease has not been sufficiently studied yet, that’s why late diagnosis is observed. The disease proceeds as incomplete Behcet’s syndrome during 5.4+0.04 years in girls and 4.1+0.09 years in boys, manifesting itself only by chronic recurrent aphtous stomatitis in 100% of cases which is the first diagnostic symptom of the disease. The comprehensive diagnostic plan, developed by us, is offered to dentists who observe children with oral mucosa diseases. Diagnosis and treatment of Behcet’s disease in children require an interdisciplinary approach by doctors of different specialties and an obligatory involvement of a dentist.

Relevance. Currently, a preventive system based on organic matter - carbohydrate trehalose has appeared on the dental market. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the need to study its properties and conduct a comparative assessment of different generations of air-polishing powders . The purpose of the study is to conduct a comparative assessment of the clinical efficiency of different generations of air-polishing powders during the professional oral hygiene.

Materials and methods. The study involved 38 patients who underwent professional oral hygiene using prophylactic systems of various generations. The oral cavity was preliminarily divided into two sides, depending on the airabrasive agent - based on calcium carbonate (65-70 µm) and trehalose (65 µm). During professional oral hygiene, the time required to remove soft dental deposits was evaluated, and after the procedure, the state of the oral cavity was measured using dental indices. In addition, a questionnaire was used for patients and dentists.

Results. The average time for the removal of the soft dental deposits using an air-abrasive agent based on calcium carbonate was 4.5 ± 3.6 min and 4.4 ± 3.8 min based on trehalose. The difference in the average time between the two groups was insignificant (P = 0.461); there was also no significant difference in the average values of the dental indices. The opinion of the dentists and patients about the two preventive systems was comparable.

Conclusions. Trehalose-based air-abrasive product is effective, safe, ergonomic and can be recommended for the use of dentists and dental hygienists.

Relevance. Immune defense plays a significant role in early childhood caries (ECC) development in children. The aim of the research was to study the level of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) in the saliva of the children depending on the presence and severity of early childhood caries.

Materials and methods. 225 children participated in the study: 60 1-2-year-olds (the 1^st group) and 165 3-5-year-olds (the 2^nd group). In the 1^st group 2 subgroups (30 children each) were formed: caries free (CF-1) and with severe ECC (S-ECC-1). In the 2^nd group 3 subgroups (55 children each) were formed: caries free (CF-2), with ECC (ECC-2) and severe ECC (S-ECC-2). SIgA in the saliva (g/l) was measured by «IgA SALIVA ELISA» kit. The program Statistica 6 was used for statistical analysis.

Results. SIgA levels in the saliva were 37.40 ± 1.77 and 10.00 ± 0.67 in the subgroups CF-1 and S-ECC-1 (p < 0.001), 36.77 ± 2.58, 20.67 ± 1.08 and 9.83 ± 0.38 in the subgroups CF-2, ECC-2 и S-ECC-2 respectively (p < 0.001). In the first and second groups significant strong inverse Pierson correlation (r = -0.7-0.8) was revealed between SIgA levels in the saliva and S-ECC presence in the children.

Conclusions. The level of SIgA in the saliva reflects children's susceptibility to caries. Significant strong inverse correlation was revealed between SIgA in the saliva and severe ECC in the children.

Relevance. Inflammatory periodontal diseases constitute a very important problem among the oral diseases. The high prevalence of chronic generalized periodontitis arouses interest, becomes the subject of clinical research and analysis of indices, development and improvement of diagnostic and treatment techniques. The continuous increase in the incidence of periodontitis among the population of the Chuvash Republic is currently important.

Purpose -determine the values of periodontal and oral hygiene indices and compare them before and after the comprehensive treatment of patients in the Chuvash Republic with mild and moderate periodontitis.

Materials and methods. The study of index values in 146 periodontal patients included the Green - Vermillion simplified oral hygiene index (OHI - s), the plaque index (PI) (Silness - Loe, 1964), the Russell’s periodontal index (PI) and the community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN).

Results. After the comprehensive treatment of patients with mild and moderate periodontitis, the mean values were as follows: OHI - s (Green - Vermillion) was 0.5 ± 0.15 in patients with mild periodontitis, 0.8 ± 0.21 - in patients with moderate periodontitis, (PI) Silness - Loe - 2.6 ± 0.95 in patients with mild periodontitis, 3.6 ± 1.01 -in patients with moderate periodontitis. Russell’s PI was 1.15 ± 0.81 in patients with mild periodontitis and 1.67 ± 0.090 in patients with moderate periodontitis. CPITN - 1 ± 0.85 in patients with mild periodontitis, 1.25 ± 0.80 in patients with moderate periodontitis.

Conclusions. A decrease in indices was revealed in all studied patients after the comprehensive conservative and surgical treatment; the severity of chronic generalized periodontitis in the adult population of the Chuvash Republic determined a decrease in the index assessment criteria.

Relevance. Bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) is the malformation of the maxillo-facial region caused by the defect of the alveolar bone, palate and upper lip. According to the World Health Organisation, the incidence rate is 0.61.6 per 1000 newborns. The protrusive premaxilla is often treated by osteotomy for esthetic reasons. However, the osteotomy of the protrusive premaxilla slows down the growth of the child’s midface, which leads to the skeletal deformations with complications. The study explores the method that allows performing the premaxillary osteotomy to improve the facial profile in the long term.

Materials and methods. During the study, 12 patients with BCLP aged 10 to 14 were treated from 2016 to 2019. All patients had head computed tomography by Planmeca ProMax. The results were uploaded into the Dolphin Imaging for further cephalometric analysis. The growth was predicted by Ricketts prediction analysis.

Results. The patients were divided into two groups according to the type of the facial growth. The patients of the first group were diagnosed with the vertical type of the growth. The treatment was performed with microimplants. The patients of the second group, with a horizontal growth type, underwent osteotomy of the intermaxillary bone. Consequently, the growth was predictable, which improved the overall facial profile.

Conclusions. The osteotomy of the premaxillary bone is recommended only in patients over 10-11 years with the protrusive premaxilla who were diagnosed with the horizontal growth type.

Relevance. There are a lot of publications on the assessment of dental caries and fluorosis in children in the fluoride endemic areas. The studies on the analysis of the prevalence and severity of malocclusion in these children are few and contradictory. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and severity of malocclusion in schoolchildren in the endemic fluorosis areas.

Materials and methods. A cross-sectional dental examination was performed according to the WHO method with a calibration expert in 361 schoolchildren aged 12 and 15 years old living in the areas with highly fluoridated drinking water (1.5-4.5 ppm). The clinical forms of dental fluorosis were assessed by the WHO classification and the prevalence and severity of malocclusion were evaluated by the DAI index. The obtained information was processed using the SPSS® Statistics 23.0 software.

Results. A high prevalence of dental fluorosis was revealed in the examined schoolchildren with the predominance of mild forms of pathology. Most of the children had malocclusion; mild malocclusion was most often diagnosed.

Conclusions. The study did not reveal any differences between the occurrence and severity of fluoride induced dental lesions, malocclusion in the studied age and sex groups. The prevalence and severity of malocclusion were comparable in the samples of students without dental fluorosis and with various clinical forms of this pathology.

Relevance. Studying the morphology and composition of the hard dental tissues of an adult human in normal and pathological conditions, determining their characteristics at the microstructural level, creates theoretically the prerequisites for the etiopathogenic treatment and prevention of hyperesthesia of the hard dental tissues.

Materials and methods. The morphological structure, mineral and chemical composition of the adult hard dental tissues were studied using a combination of methods: scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray microprobe analysis, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry , potentiometric and gas exchange methods.

Results. The study determined that the main mineral component of the hard dental tissues of an adult is non-stoichiometric calcium-deficient carbonated hydroxylapatite. The loss of calcium reserve and the presence of vacancies in the crystal structure of hydroxylapatite cause the pathology of the hard dental tissues and result in the onset and development of the dental sensitivity.

Conclusions. The ions of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, fluorine, etc., coming from the environment, fill the vacancies by ion exchange in the structure of hydroxylapatite in the corresponding crystallographic positions, treating the cause and preventing the sensitivity of the hard dental tissues.

Relevance. Pulpitis is one of the most common diseases. Currently, the development of pediatric dentistry does not allow achieving complete success in the treatment of deciduous tooth pulpitis. The relevance of pulpitis treatment method exploration is obvious.

Materials and methods. The study analyzed 75 sources of literature describing four main methods for pulpitis treatment in deciduous teeth: indirect pulp capping, direct pulp capping, pulpotomy (amputation) and pulpectomy (extirpation).

Results. The effectiveness of primary tooth pulpitis treatment is questionable and ranges from 40% to 100%, depending on the method and duration of observation. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), calcium hydroxide, zinc oxide-eugenol paste, formocresol, ferric sulphate are the most studied materials for the endodontic treatment of the deciduous teeth. Studies on the new biocompatible materials, such as tricalcium silicate (Biodentine), CEM (calcium-enriched mixture), enamel matrix proteins (Emdogain), etc., confirm their effectiveness, but the evidence is still inconclusive. In indirect pulp capping, non-resorbable biocompatible cements showed better results provided a tight seal of the restoration was achieved. Glass ionomer cements may be an option. Direct pulp capping is a controversial technique for the treatment of deciduous tooth pulpitis. MTA is the most effective material for pulpotomy. No hard evidence is provided for the comparative evaluation of a certain material effectiveness in pulpectomy; both ZOE and calcium hydroxide with iodoform can be used for root canal filling.

Conclusions. Biologically based methods for the treatment of pulpitis, which preserve the viability of the pulp as much as possible, are currently considered preferable. Further research is needed to assess the effectiveness of the new biocompatible materials with regenerative properties.