Amelogenesis imperfecta (AIÍ) is a rare genetic disease affecting enamel. There are genetically and clinically different groups of hereditary disorders, which mainly affect the volume, structure and composition of tooth enamel (Witkop, 1988). The number of recorded cases of AIÍ varies depending on the population: from 1:14,000 in the US to 1:4000 in Sweden (Witkop, 1988; Sundell, 1986) The type of the disease inheritance can be autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X-chromosome-associated (Bailleul-Forestier et al.,2008). There are no data on the incidence of the disease in Russia as well as treatment recommendations.

The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of various dental fillings materials and stainless steel pediatric crowns (SSC) for primary molars restoration and to reveals failure associated factors. The prospective study involved 156 children with 636 primary molars treated both “in chair”, under conscious sedation or general anesthesia (GA). Analyzed failure risk factors included diagnosis, cavity class, use of rubber dam and treatment conditions. GIC showed lowest overall efficacy at 4-years follow-up (66,1%) while SSC were the most effective (93,0) regardless of GA use. Composite resin failure rate corresponded strongly with GA use (90% success under GA vs less than 70% in no GA-group). Compomers showed the same although less evident correlation (70,7%, 78,5% and 84,6% success rate in compliant, conscious sedation and GA groups, correspondently). Rubber dam use showed no significant influence on overall complications rate but changed the complications structure. Thus, composite resins are much more feasible in GA procedures while SCC proved to be universally effective primary molars restoration method.

Remineralizing therapy as the main pathogenetic method of treatment and prevention of dental caries remains relevant and is recognized by dentists worldwide. The range of products applied in remineralizing therapy is quite wide. For control over tooth hard tissue de- and remineralization process the authors of this article study application of  Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate and Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Fluoride. The most effective in the dynamics in our observation was MI Paste Plus, containing in its composition fluoride compounds.

The prevalence of periodontal diseases in children in all age groups remains high. Of great importance in the formation of inflammatory periodontal diseases is given to the microflora. A study was conducted of the contents of periodontal spaces from 148 children 6–15 years. All the patients had changes in microflora, they were characterized by either deviations shift or dysbiosis 1–2 degrees. In the microflora of the periodontal spaces in chronic periodontitis was detected pathogenic monoculture in the absence or sharp decrease in normal microflora representatives and consistent with the dysbacteriosis of 3 degrees.

The studies consisted of two parts: experimental and clinical. In the experiment, 36 white rats were modeled with dental caries. 100% of rats developed caries at an intensity of 3.45 ± 0.24. The use of remineralizing drug for animals against the background of a cariogenic diet made it possible to reduce the development of caries of rats’ teeth by 33%, which proceeded in a lighter form. Clinical studies have established an increase in children’s tooth decay from 2 to 6 years (70-75%). The main risk factors for tooth decay were tooth hypoplasia (30%), unhygienic oral cavity (64%), and a decrease in structural and functional resistance of the enamel. After receiving permission for the clinical use of remineralizing drug and obtaining informed consent from the parents, the drug was used for 54 preschool children with the initial forms of caries. It is established that this drug improves oral hygiene, increases enamel resistance, and has anti-carious, anti-inflammatory properties, which together explains its effectiveness in caries in the white spot stage.

Currently, the children noted the dependence of the changes in the nature and frequency of violations zvukoproiznoshenija (45%), associated with increased growth in the frequency of dental pathology, reaching 75%. The purpose was to study the influence of the type of breastfeeding on the formation of sound. The dental and logopedic examination of 17 children aged 2.5 months. up to 1 year. Methods of statistical processing included the use of statistical software packages SPSS, Statistica 10, SPlus. Of the 17 infants in 12 (70,6 ±11,4%) was observed a decrease in time esstestvenno feeding to 2–2,5 months. The analysis of the process of feeding and transition to solid food in the second stage of ontogenetic development of the child showed that 8 (66.7 ±17.8%) children received only liquid food. As a result of the study, a direct relationship between the degree of severity of the pathology of the dentition and the phenomena of defective sound production was revealed.

This study is devoted to the diagnosis of the functional state of the neurovascular bundle and the degree of mineralization of hard tissues of permanent teeth in children. The purpose of our study was to compare the number of coincidences of a preliminary clinical diagnosis with a complex electrometric examination of permanent teeth that are in different stages of root formation and with different states of the tissues of suprapulpic dentin. To achieve the goal of the study, 675 schoolchildren aged 6 to 15 years who were enrolled in various general educational institutions of Omsk were examined. When generalizing the data obtained, depending on the stage of the carious process, the conductivity of dentine (EPD) threshold for caries of dentin ranged from 1.0 to 10.0 ìêÀ, the average value was 7,9 ± 1,0 ìêÀ. With chronic pulpitis, EDR values varied from 19,0 to 100,0 ìêÀ and averaged 77,9 ± 4,2 ìêÀ (ð < 0,001).

The problems of pathogenesis and early diagnosis of dental caries in children continue to be among the most pressing in modern dentistry. Of particular scientific and practical interest is the study of the relationship of early clinical manifestations of fissure caries in children during the period of eruption with the degree of enamel demineralization. Purpose – to evaluate the capabilities of the microcomputer tomography method to improve the diagnosis of early forms of caries of the chewing surface of permanent molars in children. With the use of the high-resolution microtomograph “Skyscan 1176”, 83 molars of 8-11 years old children were removed according to orthodontic indications. Of the total number of teeth, research groups are formed - teeth with no signs of demineralization, and teeth with carious lesions in the stage of white, light brown, brown, black spots. On the reconstructed 2D and 3D images, zones were identified in the outer (0.05-0.5 mm), middle (0.75-1.25 mm) and inner (1.5-2.0 mm) thirds of the thickness of the enamel layer, followed by calculating averaged radiographic density indices in the CTvox program. The tomograms of the teeth of the studied groups in order of decreasing optical density parameters revealed the following sequence: healthy enamel - caries in the white spot stage - caries in the light brown spot – caries in the brown spot stage - caries in the black spot. The unification of the microcomputer tomography method with reproducibility of the obtained measurements and interpretation of the existing results in the universal general medical DICOM format makes it possible to apply the obtained calculated values in working with a conical-beam computer tomograph, to reduce the time costs at the stage of early diagnosis of the pathology of hard tissues of teeth with carious and non-carious etiology, also evaluate the effectiveness of the remineralizing therapy in view of the available baseline data.

Are presented the characteristic of changes of a surface of enamel of constant premolyar at children of 10-15 years and adult patients of 35-44 years after application of tame skeyler in article, magnitostriktivny and piezoelectric ultrasonic devices according to the scanning electronic microscopy (in vitro).

The number of children with congenital bilateral complete cleft lip and palate is from 12 to 25% in the structure of all congenital malformations of the maxillofacial area. The aim of the study was to evaluate the results of primary bilateral cleft lip complete repair in children with congenital bilateral complete cleft lip and palate with protrusive premaxilla without a stage of early orthopedic treatment with intraoral fixation devices. 44 children with this pathology were examined and treated. Efficacy of primary bilateral cleft lip complete repair was assessed in children aged 3-4 years before orthodontic treatment. For this, clinical, anthropometric, photometric and biometric methods of investigation were used. In the course of the study, we concluded that after a primary bilateral cleft lip complete repair in children with congenital bilateral complete cleft lip and palate with protrusive premaxilla, a good and satisfactory aesthetic and functional outcome of the operation (97.6%) was achieved without early orthopedic treatment with intraoral fixation devices. In 100% of the patients after the operation, a significant decrease in the protrusion of the premaxilla was determined. The position of the fragments of the upper jaw was not completely normalized, and the child needed orthodontic treatment in the period of bite of the deciduous teeth.

The relevance of the research topicþ According to researchers, about 20,000 children with congenital pathology of the maxillofacial region are born in Russia every year. Purpose. We have studied the distribution of allele frequencies and genotype of the gene polymorphism A66G folate cycle methionine synthase reductase MTRR for predicting congenital maxillofacial area. Methods. The study involved 83 patients. The first group included 37 patients with congenital pathology of maxillofacial area, the second group (control) — 46 healthy patients. For a molecular genetic study, we used DNA samples isolated from peripheral venous blood lymphocytes. We used the standard method of phenol-chloroform extraction for DNA extraction. Results. Frequency distribution analysis of genotypes of rs1801394 showed that in both groups more common heterozygous genotype *A*G: 58.7% in control, 37.8% among patients, but the differences are not statistically significant (χ2 = 2.78; p = 0.095). A significantly high frequency of homozygous mutation in the genotype *A*A, whose frequency was 32.4% versus 10.9% in the control (χ2 = 4.61, p = 0.030) was revealed in the patients. Summary. Thus, the genetic marker of the disease is the genotype * A*A of the polymorphic locus rs1801394 of the MTRR gene. The obtained results allow using the polymorphic locus rs1801394 of the MTRR gene in predicting the congenital pathology of the maxillofacial area.

In the following article problems of orthodontic correction of speech pathology are discussed. These occur after early palatonplasty in children with cleft lip and palate. Various orthodontic appliances are used to obdurate velopharingheal ring, which prevent air leakage during speech.

The paper presents characteristics of morphometric parameters of the face in patients with increased dental abrasion without reducing the height of gnatichesky part. Morphometric parameters of a person when compensated vertically-mesial form of increased abrasion of teeth compared with the norm. The obtained data can be used to determine the tactics of orthodontic and prosthetic treatment of patients with increased dental abrasion.

This article contains information about the possibilities of method by Moyers and new methods of forecasting teeth sizesof patients with abnormal posture of some teeth. We determined the possibility of improvement of forecasting teeth sizes accurately during the second period of teeth replacement. Worksheets are prepared.

Relevance of the Research: the relationship between the intensity and prevalence of dental caries in children with the general rigidity of drinking water and the content of calcium and magnesium ions in water sources of various regions of the Transbaikalia area. Aim: to study and analyze the dental diseases in children depending on the total hardness water, and the content of calcium and magnesium ions in 
various drinking sources of the Transbaikalia region before and after removing the temporary stiffness by boiling. Òo assess the sanitary and hygienic characteristics of drinking water samples from the water supply system of four districts of the Transbaikalia area were taken in compliance with all hygienic norms. The total hardness of unboiled and boiled drinking water was determined. 534 children of three main age groups were examined. The study of the oral cavity was carried out according to the unified methodology of the WHO (2013) in the conditions of stationary dental and medical offices of kindergartens and schools. The total hardness of samples of non-boiled tap water № I and № III the content of calcium and magnesium ions corresponded to the average "physiological" level. Dental examination of children using regularly water from these sources revealed lower incidence rates of tooth decay. The total hardness of water samples № II and № IV was characterized by an extremely low level of mineralization, and the water was very soft and deficient in the content of microelements of calcium and magnesium. Indicators of intensity and prevalence of tooth decay in children using this water turned to be much higher (especially in the group of 15-year-olds).