Relevance. The problems of pathogenesis and early diagnosis of dental caries in children continue to be among the most pressing in modern dentistry. Of particular scientific and practical interest is the study of the relationship of early clinical manifestations of fissure caries in children during the period of eruption with the degree of enamel demineralization. Aim. To evaluate the capabilities of the microcomputer tomography method to improve the diagnosis of early forms of caries of the chewing surface of permanent molars in children. Materials and methods. With the use of the high-resolution microtomograph "Skyscan 1176", 83 molars of 8-11 years old children were removed according to orthodontic indications. Of the total number of teeth, research groups are formed - teeth with no signs of demineralization, and teeth with carious lesions in the stage of white, light brown, brown, black spots. On the reconstructed 2D and 3D images, zones were identified in the outer (0.05-0.5 mm), middle (0.75-1.25 mm) and inner (1.5-2.0 mm) thirds of the thickness of the enamel layer, followed by calculating averaged radiographic density indices in the CTvox program. Results. The tomograms of the teeth of the studied groups in order of decreasing optical density parameters revealed the following sequence: healthy enamel - caries in the white spot stage - caries in the light brown spot - caries in the brown spot stage - caries in the black spot. Conclusions. The unification of the microcomputer tomography method with reproducibility of the obtained measurements and interpretation of the existing results in the universal general medical DICOM format makes it possible to apply the obtained calculated values in working with a conical-beam computer tomograph, to reduce the time costs at the stage of early diagnosis of the pathology of hard tissues of teeth with carious and non-carious etiology, also evaluate the effectiveness of the remineralizing therapy in view of the available baseline data.

Relevance. Currently, the problem of studying the molecular genetic mechanisms of predisposition to the occurrence of gum recession, formation, prevalence and risk factors remains highly relevant. Aim. To determine the association of the rs1800587 C/T polymorphism of the interleukin 1-a (IL-la) gene with a predisposition to gum recession in children. Materials and methods. A total of 84 patients (41 girls, 43 boys) with varying degrees of a gingaval recession aged 6 to 12 years (mean age 8.12 ± 1.06 years) and 159 healthy patients (comparison group) have been studied. The definition of the rs1800587 C/T polymorphism of the IL-la gene is carried out by the method of polymerase chain reaction. Estimate the subordinate distribution of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium sampling genotypes, the X² test, and the estimated odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (Cl). Results. In the present study, we compared the frequency distribution of alleles and genotypes in the polymorphic locus of the IL-la C (-889) T (rs!800587) gene between patients with gingival recession and a control group residing in Kazan, the Republic of Tatarstan. In the studied samples of children with recession, the gingivals and the comparison group of the frequency distribution of alleles and genotypes of polymorphic markers had no deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. When analyzing the genetic model, we found that the frequency of occurrence of the minor T allele practically did not differ between sick and healthy patients (28.6% vs. 31%; X² = 0.34, p = 0.56). Conclusions. The rs!800587 C/T polymorphism of the IL-la gene is not associated with a predisposition to the development of gingival recession in children. Turther research is needed to identify the role of IL-la gene polymorphisms in the development of this pathology.

Relevance. Consumption of non-alcoholic beverages is one of the main causes of dental erosion. Aim. To study consumption frequency of non-alcoholic beverages by schoolchildren and to assess erosive potential of non-alcoholic beverages. Materials and methods. Voluntary and anonymous questioning of 44! schoolchildren was conducted. Erosive influence of 9 different non-alcoholic beverages was studied in vitro on 100 enamel specimens of bovine teeth with the gravimetric method. Ten randomly selected specimens were placed into each beverage and tap water as control liquid for 7 days. Statistics included the calculation of proportions (%), mean and standard deviation (M±6), nonlinear cubic regression correlation coefficient (r) and index of determination (R²), Student criteria (t). Results. Many schoolchildren frequently consumed non-alcoholic beverages: 36.2% - acidic juice, 24.3% - carbonated drinks. The risk of dental erosion in children increased due to habitual drinking without a straw (70.0%) and keeping drinks in their mouths (27.1%). The studied beverages had pH from 2.50 to 4.56. According to gravimetry the highest (14.68%-27.94%) mass loss was in the enamel specimens which were kept in the beverages with pH < 3.5 (p < 0.01). Nonlinear correlation (R² = 0.4828) was revealed between pH and erosive potentials of the beverages with high probability of errors in prognosis (59.3%). Conclusions. High frequency and the type of non-alcoholic beverages consumption showed the increasing risk of dental erosion development in schoolchildren; the gravimetric method allows to assess the beverages' erosive potential objectively; non-alcoholic beverages with pH<3.5 had the highest erosive potential; however, the relationship between pH and the erosive potential of the beverages was nonlinear.

Relevance. Taking into consideration the high prevalence and intensity of dental caries in children of preschool age, it is widely implemented the operational-restorative method of treatment, including excision of pathological tissues and further replacement of hard tissues defect of teeth with the use of modern restoration materials. Aim. Compare the degree of adhesion properties and preservation of restoration materials to hard tissues of temporary teeth affected by caries, taking into account the structural and morphological aspects. Materials and methods. A clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of the operative-restorative treatment of dentin caries in 482 temporary teeth was carried out in 147 children aged 12 to 72 months. For the study of adhesion properties, GC FujilX GP classic glass ionomer cement, Cemphil water cement, Twinku Star compomer and Tetric N-Ceram composite material were selected. The structural and morphological aspects of milk teeth and their morphometric parameters were studied. Results. The research presents the results of the study of the adhesive strength of filling materials, analyzed consistency restorations from various filling materials taking into account age patient, class of cavity according to Black, histo-morphological structure temporary teeth and treatment conditions. The results of the study showed that the indicators of preservation of restorations have important differences and are comparable to the histo-morphological features of temporary teeth. Conclusions. When treating teeth in preschool children, it is advisable be guided not only by physicochemical characteristics filling material, but also take into account histo-morphological features of the development and anatomy of the tissues of temporary teeth.

Relevance. There are many modern filling materials for restorations in Pediatric Dentistry. These materials should be biocompatible and nontoxic, easy for usage. Aim. The assessment of clinical efficacy of glass ionomer cement lonolux for restoration of primary teeth. Materials and methods. Clinical usage of the material was carried out during the restoration of dental caries of enamel and dentin in 41 primary teeth in 15 children of mean age 5.3 ± 0.4 years old. Assessment of the quality of fillings was carried out after 1, 6 and 12 months according to the Ryge criteria. Results. The condition of the fillings was assessed depending on the localization of the cavity: Group I - 7 fillings localized on the chewing surface; 2 group - 7 fillings on the medial or distal surfaces; Group 3-22 fillings on the distal-occlusal and medial-occlusal surfaces; Group 4-5 fillings on the vestibular surface of the tooth. After I and 6 months the vitality of the teeth, anatomical shape, structure and color, as well as the color and marginal fit of the fillings were preserved in 100% of cases. After 12 months 95% of the fillings were preserved and clinically satisfied (Al grade). Conclusions. Light-cured GIC «lonolux» can be recommended for the restoration of dental caries in primary teeth. The best results were obtained on the occlusal and vestibular surfaces of the teeth.

Relevance. The main causes of dental caries and periodontal disease in adolescents are an imbalance of nutrition with a predominance of carbohydrates and insufficient oral hygiene. Deficiency of essential components of nutrition suppresses the immune response of the body, increases the pathogenicity of microorganisms, reducing the resistance of hard tissues of teeth. Aim. It is to study nutrition as a risk factor for dental caries in adolescents. Materials and methods. A clinical examination of 383 schoolchildren of 12 and 15 years old in the Khabarovsk Territory was conducted. The indexes of the decayed, filled and extracted teeth (DFE); of hygiene by Green-Vermillion; PMA (%); presence of dentoalveolar`s abnormalities were determined. Sociological survey of schoolchildren was carried out according to a specially designed questionnaire with the definition of an integrated indicator of sanitary and hygienic knowledge in points from 0 to 1. Results. The prevalence of dental caries is equal among adolescents of the Khabarovsk Territory in 12 years - 90.5±0.73 %, in 15 years - 92.25±0.66 %; the intensity of the lesion is 4.48±0.72 and 5.84±0.56, respectively. Oral hygiene is satisfactory, there is mild catarrhal gingivitis with a high prevalence of dental anomalies -64 - 69%. The data of the sociological survey revealed the average level of knowledge of adolescents in matters of individual oral hygiene: in 12 years - 0.57±0.18 and 0.6±0.20 in 15 years, and a low level of knowledge in matters of proper nutrition 0.44±0.14 for adolescents 12 years and 0.55±0.18 for adolescents 15 years. A direct strong correlation (r = 0.75, p<0.05) between the amount of easily digestible carbohydrates (sugar) and the activity of caries in adolescents was established. Conclusions. 1. The prevalence and intensity of dental caries among adolescents of the Khabarovsk territory is high, a decrease in these indicators with an increase in the concentration of fluoride in water to 0.4 mg/l. 2. The level of oral hygiene in adolescents of both age groups is satisfactory, the prevalence of dental anomalies is high to 69%. 3. An aggravating factor in the development of dental diseases is the presence of somatic pathology.

Relevance. Within the years of 1966 to 2011 there were described 30 different systems to estimate caries and its complications. These systems are bearing great distinctions. Aim. Comparison of efficacy to determine the state of teeth in early aged children using the indices dmf(t)/dmf(s), ICDAS -II and CAST. Materials and methods. There were examined 645 children aged from 11 months to 4 years, who applied for dental aid where the indices of caries intensity in question were used. Results. The average meaning of the index ICDAS-II (d¹⁶mf-t) in children of 11 months to 4 years was 12,38±3,73 and the average meanings of the indices CAST (d³⁷mf-t) and dmf (s) were seen as 11,2±3,67 and 9,29±3,75 respectively. Conclusion. It was found out that the early aged children who applied for dental aid showed a high morbidity level of their temporary teeth. It was ascertained that use of the ICDAS - II and CAST indices, unlike the dmfones, makes possible not only to detect early forms of caries but also estimate deeper teeth lesions that are accompanied with involving the tooth pulp into pathological process. The fact established is vitally important to consiider when planning dental therapy to early aged children.

Relevance. The development of dental caries risk factors in children with autism spectrum disorders, and especially a psychological condition lead to the complexity of dental care for such children. Aim. It was to develop a program of hygiene education and training of children with autism spectrum disorders. Materials and methods. Analysis of the literature and our own research on dental morbidity in children with autism spectrum disorders. Results. The features of psychological preparation of children with autism spectrum disorders to treatment by a dentist. A program has been developed for the hygienic education and training of these children and the choice of oral hygiene products. Conclusions. Data on dental care for children with autism spectrum disorders are scarce and contradictory. In this connection, further study of this issue in order to optimize treatments for children in this group.

Relevance. Front group human teeth is given special attention. However, to date, not showing the diagnostic criteria determine the position of the cutters for their planned positions in constructive is incorrect. Aim. Identification of main varieties physiological protrusions and retrusions incisors tools taking into account individual forms of dental arches permanent occlusion. Materials and methods. Survey of 37 persons aged 21-35 years with physiological occlusion and a full set of permanent teeth with different types of dental arches. Using digital panoramic apparatus Pax-i (Korea) received cone-beam tomography, which lines and measuring key parameters). Results. The study found that the main diagnostic criterion of physiological retrusion and protrusions incisors is the magnitude of their overlapping. Value of sagittal overlap corresponds to vertical slabs and is about 3 mm. The angle between the medial cutters when physiological mezotrusion was 134.38 ± 3.76 degrees, when physiological protrusion 118.06 ± 3.74 degrees, while retrusion - 149.55 ± 3.92 degrees. Conclusions. The specified parameters and the results of the study can be used in orthodontics clinic for planning the position of incisors constructive bite taking into account individual forms of dental arches. In addition, the data can be useful in the clinic of Prosthodontics when choosing methods of prosthetic treatment in the setting of artificial teeth and dental implants.

Relevance. Conducting national epidemiological surveys allows to determine the intensity and prevalence of major dental diseases, to identify the need of the population in different types of dental care. Aim. The research objective is to study the dental morbidity of child population in the city of Barnaul as part of the third national epidemiological dental survey in key age groups of 6, 12, 15 years. Epidemiological survey of Barnaul population was held in two districts of Barnaul: the Zheleznodorozhnyy Rayon (the central part of the city) and the Industrial’nyy Rayon (industrial and dormitory district). Material and methods. To assess the main child population dental morbidity indicators, 277 children of key age groups of 6, 12 and 15 years were examined. The inspection of groups was carried out under standard conditions. Results. Results were recorded for the assessment of dental health (WHO, 2013).Conclusions. According to the results of our research, it is obvious that the preventive direction of dental care is the most relevant.

Relevance. The problem of dental caries among children in modern dentistry is still relevant. Aim. Assessment of changes in the most significant indicators of dental health in a key group of 12-year-olds using European indicators against the background of the implementation of prevention programs in the region. Materials and methods. In this work, we conducted a survey of the children’s population of Omsk with the help of European indicators. We analyzed the average values of these indicators before and after 3 years, after the implementation of the pilot project of the regional prevention program in the framework of the state task of the Ministry of health of the Russian Federation. Based on the data obtained, we assessed the effectiveness of preventive work of the school dental service in Omsk. Results. From a brief analysis of objective and subjective indicators, we can say that most of the criteria studied are sufficiently informative to identify risk factors for dental diseases and were used by us to create and implement prevention programs in Omsk and the region, and to determine its effectiveness and further adjustments. Conclusions. The regional Program of prevention of the main dental diseases among children of Omsk introduced in the region in the form of the pilot project in the format of school dental service in 3 years of work allowed to improve indicators of the European indicators of dental health of children of 12 years. Thus, to solve the problem of high incidence of dental caries among children is possible only under the condition of priority development of preventive orientation of modern dental service in the regions.