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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">detstom</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Стоматология детского возраста и профилактика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pediatric dentistry and dental prophylaxis</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1683-3031</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1726-7218</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RPA</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33925/1683-3031-2026-990</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">detstom-990</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНАЯ СТАТЬЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Дефекты переднего отдела твердого неба после уранопластики: клинико-морфологический анализ и патогенетическая классификация</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Anterior palatal fistulas after palatoplasty: clinical and morphological analysis and an etiology-based classification</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9192-8044</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цаболова</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsabolova</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Цаболова ольга Артуровна - врач – челюстно-лицевой хирур</p><p>127006, ул. Долгоруковская, д.4, г. Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ol`ga A. Tsabolova - maxillofacial surgery</p><p>St., 4 Dolgorukovskaya Str., Moscow, Russian Federation, 127006</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">afa-afa15@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-6557</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Першина</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pershina</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Першина Марина Анатольевна - кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры детской челюстно-лицевой хирургии.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina A. Pershina - DDS, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of the Pediatric Maxillofacial Surgeryю</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">marinapershina@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2501-8552</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яковлев</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakovlev</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Яковлев Сергей Васильевич - кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры детской челюстно-лицевой хирургии.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey V. Yakovlev - DDS, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of the Pediatric Maxillofacial Surgery.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">serg.yak@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3896-3756</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Топольницкий</surname><given-names>О. З.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Topolnitsky</surname><given-names>O. Z.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Топольницкий Орест Зиновьевич - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой детской челюстно-лицевой хирургии.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Orest Z. Topolnitsky - DDS, PhD, DSc, Professor, Head of the Department of Pediatric Maxillofacial Surgery.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">proftopol@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4756-2487</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Логинопуло</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Loginopulo</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Логинопуло Оксана Владимировна - кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры детской челюстно-лицевой хирургии.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oksana V. Loginopulo - DDS, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of the Pediatric Maxillofacial Surgery.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ologinopulo@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5817-4718</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цаболов</surname><given-names>Б. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsabolov</surname><given-names>B. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Цаболов Батраз Русланович - врач-ординатор.</p><p>Владикавказ</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Batraz R. Tsabolov – Resident.</p><p>Vladikavkaz</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tsabol_10@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский университет медицины</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian University of Medicine</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Северо-Осетинский государственный университет имени К.Л. Хетагурова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>North Ossetian State University named after K.L. Khetagurov</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>27</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Цаболова О.А., Першина М.А., Яковлев С.В., Топольницкий О.З., Логинопуло О.В., Цаболов Б.Р., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Цаболова О.А., Першина М.А., Яковлев С.В., Топольницкий О.З., Логинопуло О.В., Цаболов Б.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tsabolova O.A., Pershina M.A., Yakovlev S.V., Topolnitsky O.Z., Loginopulo O.V., Tsabolov B.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.detstom.ru/jour/article/view/990">https://www.detstom.ru/jour/article/view/990</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Дефекты переднего отдела твердого неба (ДПОТН) – наиболее частое осложнение первичной уранопластики у пациентов с врожденной расщелиной губы и неба (ВРГН) и изолированной расщелиной неба (ВРН), регистрируемое в 5–60% случаев. Их формирование приводит к стойким функциональным нарушениям (ринолалия, регургитация пищи, нарушение глотания и дыхания), затрудняет ортодонтическое лечение и требует реконструктивных операций. Целью исследования являлся анализ этиопатогенетических факторов формирования ДПОТН с разработкой клинической классификации на основе комплексной оценки анатомических, хирургических и биомеханических аспектов.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В исследование включено 38 пациентов 6–18 лет с дефектами переднего отдела твердого неба после проведенной уранопластики: 20 детей с односторонней ВРГН, 13 детей с двусторонней ВРГН, 5 детей имели изолированную ВРН. Применялся комплекс клинических и рентгенологических методов. Оценивались анатомические (форма расщелины), хирургические, биомеханические (рост челюсти, ортодонтическое лечение) и послеоперационные факторы риска.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Формирование ДПОТН обусловлено сложным взаимодействием факторов. Анатомия расщелины является ключевым предиктором характеристики ДПОТН (локализация, размер, срок появления), из 38 пациентов 52,63% (n = 18) имели при рождении одностороннюю полную ВРГН. При изолированной ВРН (n = 5) ДПОТН возникали как следствие попыток удлинения мягкого неба в условиях его исходного укорочения (100%). Биомеханика роста была ведущей причиной появления поздних дефектов, а в 50% случаев дефект неба возникал в течение трех месяцев после операции. Разработана рабочая классификация ДПОТН, на основании которой выделены сочетанный альвеолярно-небный дефект, срединный дефект, дефект в области резцового отверстия и множественные дефекты.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. ДПОТН формируются вследствие сложного взаимодействия анатомической уязвимости переднего отдела твердого неба у пациентов с расщелиной, технических ошибок уранопластики, биомеханики роста челюсти и ортодонтических нагрузок. Ключевым фактором профилактики формирования послеоперационных дефектов неба являются рациональное планирование этапов устранения расщелины с учетом ее формы, тяжести анатомических нарушений, динамическое наблюдение в периоды роста, комплексный подход челюстно-лицевого хирурга и врача-ортодонта.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Relevance</title><p>Relevance. Anterior palatal fistulas are among the most common complications of primary palatoplasty in patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP) and isolated cleft palate (ICP), with reported rates ranging from 5% to 60%. These fistulas result in persistent functional impairment, including hypernasality, nasal regurgitation, and swallowing and breathing difficulties. They may also complicate orthodontic treatment and often require secondary reconstructive surgery. This study aimed to analyze the etiologic and pathogenic factors underlying the development of anterior palatal fistulas and to propose a clinical classification based on a comprehensive assessment of anatomical, surgical, and biomechanical factors.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study included 38 patients aged 6 to 18 years with anterior palatal fistulas after palatoplasty: 20 with unilateral CLP, 13 with bilateral CLP, and 5 with ICP. Clinical and radiographic examinations were performed. Anatomical factors related to cleft morphology, surgical factors, biomechanical factors associated with maxillary growth and orthodontic treatment, and postoperative risk factors were assessed.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The development of anterior palatal fistulas was associated with a complex interplay of contributing factors. Cleft anatomy was the key predictor of fistula characteristics, including location, size, and timing of onset. Among the 38 patients, 18 (52.6%) had unilateral complete CLP at birth. In patients with ICP (n = 5), anterior palatal fistulas developed in all cases (100%) as a result of attempts to lengthen a congenitally short soft palate. Growth-related maxillary biomechanics was the leading cause of late-onset fistulas, and in 50% of cases the fistula developed within 3 months after surgery. A working classification was developed, identifying four types of anterior palatal fistula: combined alveolar-palatal, median, incisive foramen, and multiple.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Anterior palatal fistulas develop through a complex interaction of anatomical vulnerability of the anterior palate, technical shortcomings during palatoplasty, maxillary growth biomechanics, and orthodontic forces. Prevention of postoperative anterior palatal fistulas depends on careful planning of staged cleft repair with due regard for cleft type and severity, close follow-up during periods of craniofacial growth, and a multidisciplinary approach involving both the maxillofacial surgeon and the orthodontist.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дефект твердого неба</kwd><kwd>врожденная расщелина неба</kwd><kwd>осложнения уранопластики</kwd><kwd>речевые нарушения</kwd><kwd>рост челюсти</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>anterior palatal fistula</kwd><kwd>cleft palate</kwd><kwd>palatoplasty</kwd><kwd>postoperative complications</kwd><kwd>hypernasality</kwd><kwd>maxillary growth</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Авторы заявляют об отсутствии внешнего финансирования при проведении исследования. Индивидуальные благодарности для декларирования отсутствуют</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The authors declare that there was no external funding for the study. Therearenoindividualac-knowledgementstodeclare</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cohen SR, Kalinowski J, LaRossa D, Randall P. Cleft palate fistulas: a multivariate statistical analysis. PlastReconstrSurg. 1991;87(6):1041-1047. Режимдоступа: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2034725/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cohen SR, Kalinowski J, LaRossa D, Randall P. Cleft palate fistulas: a multivariate statistical analysis. PlastReconstrSurg. 1991;87(6):1041-1047. 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