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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">detstom</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Стоматология детского возраста и профилактика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pediatric dentistry and dental prophylaxis</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1683-3031</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1726-7218</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RPA</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33925/1683-3031-2025-924</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">detstom-924</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сравнение хирургических доступов при установке дистракторов на нижнюю челюсть у подростков: обзор анатомических, хирургических и эстетических аспектов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Comparison of intraoral and extraoral approaches for placement of mandibular distractors in adolescents: anatomical, surgical, and aesthetic considerations</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1929-717X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шаповалов</surname><given-names>П. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shapovalov</surname><given-names>P. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шаповалов Павел Игоревич, челюстно-лицевой хирург отделения хирургического лечения аномалий черепно-челюстно-лицевой области</p><p>119021, ул. Тимура Фрунзе, д. 16, г. Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pavel I. Shapovalov, DDS, Department of the Surgical Treatment of Cranio-Maxillofacial Anomalies</p><p>16 Timura Frunze Str., Moscow, 119021</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shapovalov_pi@cniis.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9448-9614</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лосев</surname><given-names>Ф. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Losev</surname><given-names>F. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лосев Федор Федорович, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, член-корреспондент РАН, заслуженный деятель науки РФ, директор</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Fedor F. Losev, DMD, PhD, DSc, Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Head</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">cniis@cniis.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Центральный научно-исследовательский институт стоматологии и челюстно-лицевой хирургии</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>292</fpage><lpage>304</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шаповалов П.И., Лосев Ф.Ф., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шаповалов П.И., Лосев Ф.Ф.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shapovalov P.I., Losev F.F.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.detstom.ru/jour/article/view/924">https://www.detstom.ru/jour/article/view/924</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Недоразвитие нижней челюсти у подростков представляет собой значительную функциональную и эстетическую проблему. Дистракционный остеогенез нижней челюсти обеспечивает постепенное удлинение кости с формированием новой костной ткани, являясь эффективным методом коррекции дефицита нижней челюсти с низким риском рецидива. Однако выбор хирургического доступа для установки дистрактора – внутриротового или внеротового – остается предметом обсуждения. Каждый из этих подходов имеет свои анатомические, хирургические и эстетические особенности. Внутриротовой (интраоральный) доступ позволяет избежать наружных рубцов, что особенно важно для подростков, тогда как внеротовой (экстраоральный) технически проще при выраженных деформациях и позволяет добиться большего удлинения.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Сравнить внутриротовую и внеротовую дистракцию нижней челюсти у подростков, проанализировав анатомические ориентиры, хирургическую технику, частоту осложнений и эстетические исходы, а также сформулировать клинические рекомендации по выбору доступа.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Проведен обзор литературы с использованием актуальных источников, представленных в базе PubMed, а также данные из Scopus, Web of Science и Google Scholar за последние 10 лет, посвященных дистракционному остеогенезу нижней челюсти у детей и подростков. Сравнены ключевые параметры: хирургический доступ, вектор и объем дистракции, длительность лечения, частота осложнений и эстетические результаты. Представлены две сводные таблицы: сравнительная характеристика внутриротового и внеротового доступа, обзор протоколов дистракции и исходов, приведенных в различных исследованиях.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Внутриротовые дистракторы устанавливаются через разрез в ретромлярной области рта и имеют криволинейный радиус, обеспечивая одновременное вертикальное и горизонтальное удлинение без видимых внешних элементов и рубцов. Этот подход характеризуется меньшим числом послеоперационных осложнений (~10% против 30–40%) и редкими повреждениями нервов. Однако достигаемое удлинение несколько меньше (до ~10–15 мм) внеротовых систем. Внеротовые дистракторы требуют субмандибулярного разреза и внешних не снимающихся приводов, обеспечивают большее удлинение (~15–20 мм и более) и позволяют точно контролировать вектор, но сопровождаются риском гипертрофических рубцов, инфекций в местах выхода приводов и парезов лицевого нерва. Подростки лучше переносят внутриротовые устройства благодаря большему комфорту и лучшей эстетике. Недавние исследования показывают отсутствие значимых различий в эффективности и улучшении проходимости дыхательных путей между подходами при соблюдении технических возможностей аппаратов, однако внутренние устройства демонстрируют большую надежность (меньше технических сбоев) и меньшую рубцовую нагрузку.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Дистракционный остеогенез нижней челюсти – надежный метод лечения недоразвития нижней челюсти у детей и подростков при незавершенном росте лицевого скелета. Внутриротовой доступ предпочтителен при умеренных деформациях благодаря лучшим эстетическим результатам и меньшему количеству осложнений. Тогда как внеротовой доступ обоснован при тяжелых дефектах, требующих максимального удлинения или сложной коррекции вектора при выраженном ограничении открывания рта. Предложены клинические рекомендации по индивидуализации выбора хирургического доступа с учетом степени деформации, анатомических ограничений и эстетических факторов.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Relevance</title><p>Relevance. Mandibular hypoplasia in adolescents poses significant functional and aesthetic challenges. Mandibular distraction osteogenesis (DO) enables gradual bone lengthening with new bone formation and remains an effective treatment modality with low relapse rates. However, the choice of surgical approach for distractor placement—intraoral versus extraoral–remains a subject of debate. Each approach entails distinct anatomical, surgical, and aesthetic considerations. The intraoral approach avoids visible scarring, which is especially important for adolescents, whereas the extraoral approach is technically straightforward in severe deformities and permits greater distraction length.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. To compare intraoral and extraoral mandibular distraction in adolescents by analyzing anatomical landmarks, surgical techniques, complication rates, and aesthetic out-comes, and to develop clinical recommendations for selecting the optimal approach.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. A literature review was conducted using relevant sources from the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases published within the past 10 years, focusing on mandibular distraction osteogenesis in children and adolescents. The following key parameters were compared: surgical approach, distraction vector and magnitude, treatment duration, complication rates, and aesthetic outcomes. Two summary tables are presented: (1) a comparative analysis of intraoral and extraoral approaches, and (2) an overview of distraction protocols and outcomes reported in various studies.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Intraoral distractors are placed through an intraoral incision and typically feature curvilinear activation, allowing simultaneous vertical and horizontal mandibular lengthening with concealed hardware and no visible external scars. This approach is associated with fewer postoperative complications (~10% vs. 30–40%) and infrequent neurosensory disturbances, although it generally achieves a slightly smaller mean elongation (approximately 10–15 mm) compared to extraoral systems. Extraoral distractors require a submandibular incision and external activation units, enabling greater distraction length (~15–20 mm or more) and precise vector control. However, they are associated with higher risks of hypertrophic scarring, pin-site infections, and transient facial nerve paresis. Adolescent patients tend to tolerate intraoral distractors better due to improved comfort and aesthetics. Recent studies have shown no significant differences in treatment success or airway improvement between approaches when distraction parameters remain within device capabilities; however, intraoral systems demonstrate higher reliability (fewer mechanical failures) and a lower overall scar burden.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Mandibular distraction osteogenesis is a reliable treatment modality for mandibular hypoplasia in children and adolescents with incomplete facial skeletal growth. The intraoral approach is preferable for moderate deformities, providing superior aesthetic outcomes and fewer complications. The extraoral approach remains justified for severe deficiencies requiring maximal elongation or complex vector adjustment, particularly in cases with limited mouth opening. Clinical recommendations are proposed to individualize surgical access selection based on deformity severity, anatomical constraints, and aesthetic considerations.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дистракционный остеогенез нижней челюсти</kwd><kwd>дети и подростки</kwd><kwd>внутриротовый и внеротовый доступ</kwd><kwd>криволинейный дистрактор</kwd><kwd>осложнения</kwd><kwd>эстетика</kwd><kwd>рубцы на лице</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mandibular distraction osteogenesis</kwd><kwd>adolescents</kwd><kwd>intraoral distractor</kwd><kwd>extraoral distractor</kwd><kwd>complication rates</kwd><kwd>aesthetic outcomes</kwd><kwd>facial scarring</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Авторы заявляют об отсутствии внешнего финансирования при проведении исследования.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The authors declare that there was no external funding for the study.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Master DL, Hanson PR, Gosain AK. 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